Stuarts 1.3

• What was charles inherited problems in 1625 (3) - Inherited a war with spain in 1625 - James left a debt of about 1 million pounds - Henrietta maria was charles catholic wife, viewed with suspicion by parliament
• What was charles short term aims after succeeding - To maintain war with spain - wanting revenge for the 1623 spanish trip with buckingham - Wanted to raise funds for this war
• What was charles long term aims after succeeding (2) - Wanted to assert is divine right to rule over parliament - Wanted to promote arminiamism in england
• Describe the key disputes between charles and his first parliament in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 (3) - Charles requested a 1 million subsidy in 1625 and didnt explain his request, hence parliament only granted 140,000 as charles refused to explain - Charles was only granted one years worth of tonnage and poundage, with every monarch since 1485 being granted lifetime rights - Disputes of arminianism - richard montagu published an old gag for a new goose criticising the puritan idea of predestination in 1624 - charles promoed him to court chaplain in 1625, angering parlia...
• Describe the key events that effected relations between charles and his second parliament in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 (3) - Cadiz expedition in september 1625, buckingham was lord high admiral and led the expedition to cadiz to sieze spanish gold ships, the soldiers became drunk after discovering spanish wine stores, after the spanish reinforced the english retreated - buckingham blamed for this - York house conference called in February 1626 by earl of warwick to discuss arminianism with montagu as the primary concern, charles didnt attend and sent buckingham to arbi...
• Describe the concerns of the second parliament and why they refused to discuss taxation until these issues had been resolved in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 (3) - Wanted Buckingham to be impeached for leading charles astray, holding too many titles and attempting to convert charles to catholicism - Foreign policy - concerns of Buckinghams influence following 1626 huguenot revolt, in which parliament demanded action but didnt want buckingham as lord high admiral - Arminianism - concerns over charles sending buckingham to the york house conference - Charles dissolved parl...
• Describe why charles ruled without parliament from 1626 to 1628 in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 - Believed parliament was infringing upon his divine right by the end of the second parliament and was disrepecting buckingham to a great extent
• Describe how charles raised funds without parliament during the rule without parliament of 1626-28 in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 (3) - Forced loan - ordered collection of 240,000 subsidy without parliamentary consent, looked as though it was extra parliamentary taxation and 76 men refused to pay - Billeting introduced to force civilians to take in soldiers and pay for them at their own expense, breaching their rights to the liberties of private property - Martial law introduced as charles developed military presence in coastal areas causing concern, and to ensure stabil...
• Describe what the forced loan led to as a reuslt of the forced loan method of raising funds without parliament in 1626-28 in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 (2) - 76 refused to pay the loan, charles imprisoned these people leading to the fiver nights trial, where 5 of the 76 men claimed habeas corpus (right to a formal court hearing arguing the tax was not passed by parliament) - The court ultimatley decided to side with charles' prerogative to imprison without trial
• Describe foreign policy during charles rule without parliament in 1626-28 in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 (2) - La rochelle expedition of 1627, buckingham led the expedition with ladders they brought not being big enough to siege the french fortress hence out of the 8000 that served only 3000 returned - Under buckigham as lord admiral 50,000 men had served with 1/3 of these dying
• Describe the key events of the third parliament from 1628-29 in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 (4) - Petition of rights - Buckinghams assassination on the 23rd august 1628 in portsmouth, caused mass celebrations shocking charles, and removed his scape goat - Parliament claimed charles was going against petition of rights by continuing to collect tonnage and poundage as he had only been granted 1 year - Charles attempted to adjourn parliament in 1629
• Describe the petition of rights with regards to events under the third parliament in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 (3) - Created to outline parliaments grievances after being recalled in 1628 and in return they would grant him further taxes for an expedition to france - Included the illegality of Billeting of troops, martial law and extra parliamentary taxes - Charles agreed and he was granted 4 subsidies
• Describe charles trying to adjourn parliament in march 1629 with regards to events under the third parliament in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 - Charles sent the black rod to adjourn parliament, fearing they were about to be dissolved john eliot and others held down the speaker to allow the three resolutions to be passed - They slammed the door in the black rods face seen as a rejection of his royal authority, passed the three resolutions and refused to dissolve - Charles arrested 8 MPs on treason charges and ebarked on personal rule
• What were the three resolutions with regards to events under the third parliament in terms of relations with the parliaments of 1625-29 A denouncement of those who paid tonnage and poundage and charles arminian advisors as enemies of the state
• What were the main causes of dispute causing the brekdown in the relationship between charles and parliament (3) - Dispute over finance and divine right of kings - Disputes over religion - Disputes over buckingham and foreign policy
• Describe the dispute of finance and divine right of kings in terms of the main causes of disputes causing the breakdown in relationship between charles and parliament (4) - Parliament only granted charles with 1 year of tonnage and poundage and only provided him with 170,000 in subsidies under the 1st parliament after asking for 1 million - Belief he could make demands without reason - request for 1 million under 1st parliament - Charles ruled without parliament and introduced controversial methods of raising finances between 1626-28 - Three resolutions Charles sent the black rod to adjourn pa...
• Describe Buckingham and foreign policy in terms of the main causes of disputes causing the breakdown in relationship between charles and parliament (4) - Cadiz expedition and concerns over competency as lord high admiral - Charles dissolved second parliament to protect buckingham - La rochelle expedition failure - Divisions caused by buckinghams death on 23rd august 1628
• Describe disputes over religion in terms of the main causes of disputes causing the breakdown in relationship between charles and parliament (3) - Richard montagy and his promotion to court chaplain - The february 1626 york house conference - Charles was pricking MPs like coke by making them sheriffs which prevented them sitting in the house of commons
• Why did charles embark on personal rule (3) - Charles believed he could govern more effectively without parliament after the relationship between the crown and parliament had broken down by 1629 - Charles believed parliamentary radicalism was infringing on his royal prerogatives, the three resolutions could be seen as a radical attempt to interfere with charles royal control - Charles believed in his divine right, he had a firm belief it was his right to rule and parliaments recent actions was infringing his authority
• What was charles' 3 financial policies to reduce expenditure and create wealth (3) - Reduce expenditure by making peace with spain and france, as war was costing huge amounts, and was not affordable without parliamentary taxation - Use of prerogative rights to collect more money through ordinary income - Continuing to collect taxes without parliamentary consent, like tonnage and poundage in which he raised 425,000 in 1635 reducing royal debts to 1 million
• Describe charles use of prerogative rights to collect more money through ordinary income with regards to charles financial policies (2) - Distraint of knighthood, anyone holding £40 worth of land or more was required to attend his coronation and submit to a knighthood, charles raised 175,000 from this by 1635 - Charles' attorney general was tasked with searching for historic laws and customs to raise him money, called fiscal feudalism
• Describe fiscal feudalism in terms of charles using prerogative rights to collect more money through ordinary income with regards to charles' financial policies (3) - Recusancy fines for those who didnt attend church of england services - created opposition as it made entire population aware of Lauds reforms - Monopolies sold off, increased cost of living, and example of a monopoly included popish soap who bought the 33,000 monopoly raising questions regarding catholicism in england - Ship Money
• Describe the impact of Ship money as part of fiscal feudalism in terms of charles using prerogative rights to collect more money through ordinary income with regards to charles' financial policies (3) - Initially only a tax paid in coastal counties to fund the navy, this was extended inland, raising £200,000 a year between 1635 and 1638 - Led to the Hampden case where Hampden argued the tax was unlawful, charles won but by the narrowest 7-5 lead, this division resulted in compliance rates falling to 25% by 1639 - An example of opposition to ship money is the tax payer strike in 1639, a refusal...
• Describe Archbishop Lauds policies triggering the laudian reforms following his appointment as archbishop of canterbury in 1633 (3) - Impose uniformity over the church - Make the churches the holy house of god - Eradicate puritanism
• Describe the imposition of uniformity over the church in terms of lauds policies resulting in laudian reforms (2) - All services strictly followed the book of common prayer - Laud reintroduced alters, believing they represented peoples free choice to be saved, decorated by embroidered cloth and represented catholicism
• Describe the policy of making churches the holy house of god in terms of lauds policies resulting in laudian reforms - Churches were supposed to represent gods house on earth, so churches were beautified with stain-glass windows and statues of saints
• Describe the policy of eradicating puritanism in terms of lauds policies resulting in laudian reforms (2) - Eradicated puritanism through anti-sabbatarianism by publishing book of sports in 1633 stating sports were allowed on sundays, with the day no longer bing dedicated a sole day of rest - Punishing puritans like Prynne Bastwick and Burton who wrote pamphlets criticising the reforms, he brought them to the high commission, which he chaired and gave them a harsh sentence including branding them on the cheek
• What were the reactions to lauds policies/reforms (2) - Laudianism resembled catholicism unpopular with moderate protestants and puritans, with ideas like anti-sabbatarianism challenging puritan beliefs - This resulted in direct opposition and indirect opposition
• Describe the direct oppositon to lauds policies in terms of the reaction to lauds policies/reforms (3) - Puritan ministers made an effort not to deliver the message of the book of sports properly with Minister Edward Williams reading it to an empty church an hour before the service - Many prevented laud changing their church, minister nathaniel ward refused to follow common book of prayers resulting in his 1633 dismissal - Prynne, Bastwick and Burton wrote pamphlets criticising the regime
• Describe the indirect opposition to lauds policies in terms of the reaction to lauds policies/reforms - Many puritans emigrated to the New World/america, Massachusetts founded in 1620 by the founding fathers and by the 1630's had 20,000 puritan settlers from england
• Describe the policy of thorough's aims (3) - Develop effective and efficient government by eliminating corruption - Develop accountability to ensure good government was practised, unpaid officials were checked upon to ensure they were doing their jobs properly - Imposition of royal authority in Ireland and Northern England
• Describe the Success of the Policy of Thorough in the North of England - Wentworth was Lord President of the council of the north, demanding conformity to the 1631 Book of Orders forcing land owners to pay poor rates, and if they refused they would be taken to the council of the north
• Describe the failure of the policy of thorough in the north (2) - Wentworth's effectiveness led to concerns regarding the harshness of his policies, parliament feared this was a model of absolutism - For example he sentenced a man named Bellasis to a month in prison for not removing his hat in his presence
• Describe Wentworths Policy of Thorough in Ireland (3) - Wentworth imposed authority over the church of Ireland - Wentworth made Ireland Profitable for charles by raising customs tax - Imposed royal authority over Ireland
• Describe why Policy of Thorough in Ireland was necessary - Rising tensions between New English (protestants), Old English (wealthy Catholics) and Native Irish (poor catholics), these tensions coupled with the harshness of thorough resulted in the irish revolt of 1641
• Describe wentworths imposition of authority over the church of ireland in terms of policy of thorough in Ireland (2) - He insisted laudian reforms on the church and set up a high commission to enforce the reforms of laudian doctrine - However this angered the new english who saw laudianism as similar to catholicism, and the old enflish by making them conform to these reforms
• Describe Wentworh making Ireland profitable for charles by raising customs tax in terms of policy of thorough in Ireland (2) - Introduced the book of rates in 1634 which doubled customs income - However the introduction of the book angered powerful groups like the old english as they lost wealth and land
• Describe wentworths imposition of Royal authority over ireland in terms of policy of thorough in Ireland (3) - Wentworh aimed to challenge old english authority by making a claim on the region of connacht, forcing all landowners in the area to prove they owned the land or it was to be stripped from them - Wentworth eliminated dissenting voices and purged the new english of political power, like Lord Mountnorris who opposed wentworths financial policies was court martialled and sentenced to death in 1635 allowing wentworth to replace him with royalists - The imposition of royal authority, while...
• Describe the reasons behind the First Bishops war breaking out (3) - July 1637 proclamation ordered scots to use english common book of prayer, meaning churches were to be renovated to include concept of beauty of holiness - Resulted in the prayer book riots of July 1637, for example Jenny Geddes throwing her stool at the preacher in st Giles cathedral starting a riot - In February 1638 Charles made it treasonous to protest against book of common prayer, which began scottish nobles signing the national covenant, a document outlining the agreement of the scottish people, refusing laudian innova...
• Describe the Breaking out of the first bishops war (4) - November 1638 the general assembly of the scottish kirk bans book of comman prayer and abolished episcopacy - June 1639 Charles invaded scotland, the scottish military leader, Alexander Leslie was a swedish mercenery in the thirty years war, and charles' leader Lord Holland was inexperienced - Hollands cavalry scouted the scots army only to return to spread fear and panic about the large size of the army - Pacification of berwick called on the 19th June agreeing a ceacefire in exchange for recalling of scottish assembly and parliament, ...