IS 4Q

• Hydrologic Cycle


  The way the Earth can be continually supplied with freshwater
• Hydrologic Cycle

  1. Thermal energy from sun

  2. Evaporation

  3. Transpiration

  4. Sublimation

  5. Condensation

  6. Precipitation

  7. Percolation

  8. Runoff
• Thermal energy from the sun is the most important part of renewing the water supply
• Evaporation is the process where the sun gives water the energy it needs to turn liquid water from the Earth's surface into water vapor
• Transpiration is the process where plants and trees lose water to the atmosphere
• Sublimation is the process where solid ice caps turn directly into gas when heated
• Condensation is the process where water vapor carried to the atmosphere by rising air eventually turns back into liquid, forming tiny droplets in the clouds
• Precipitation is the process where gravity supplies the force that pulls water back to the Earth's surface in the form of rain, sleet, or snow
• Percolation is the process where precipitation soaks into the ground, and some of the underground water is trapped between rocks and layers of clay and becomes groundwater
• Runoff is the process where gravity's constant pull moves most of the water downhill towards the oceans, and the cycle repeats
• Reservoirs of water on Earth that move through the water cycle

  • Glaciers
  • Oceans
  • Atmosphere
  • Aquifers
  • Plants
  • Human bodies
• Water


  Chemical formula of H²O, molecule forms a V-shape, made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom joined by a covalent bond
• Covalent Bond


  Atoms share electrons
• Polar Molecule


  Unequal distribution of electrons within the molecular structure
• Electronegative or electron "loving" atom


  Electrons tend to be closer to oxygen
• Oxygen


  Partial negative charges (δ-)
• Hydrogen


  Partial positive charges (δ+)
• Overall charge of the water molecule is zero
• Hydrogen Bond


  Formed between water molecules when partially positive hydrogen is attracted to nearby water molecules' partially negative oxygen
• Cohesion


  Water molecules are attracted to each other
• Surface Tension


  Cohesive force between water molecules that can resist an external force
• Adhesion


  Water is attracted to other molecules or substances, making it a good solvent since it can attract molecules of solute by its partial charge
• Capillary Action


  Water molecules move upward against gravity in a narrow tube or capillary tube, depending on the radius of the tube (smaller radius, greater height of water)
• Below 0°C, water is solid, and as water cools below 4°C, it moves slowly and expands until it freezes at 0°C
• Hydrologic Cycle


  The way the Earth can be continually supplied with freshwater
• Hydrologic Cycle


  1. Thermal energy from sun

  2. Evaporation

  3. Transpiration

  4. Sublimation

  5. Condensation

  6. Precipitation

  7. Percolation

  8. Runoff
• Thermal Energy


  • The most important part of renewing water supply
• Evaporation


  Sun gives water the energy it needs to turn the liquid water from the earth's surface to water vapor
• Transpiration


  Plants and trees also lose water to the atmosphere
• Sublimation


  Solid to gas, ice caps when heated
• Condensation


  Water vapor carried to atmosphere by rising air and water vapor eventually turns back into liquid forming tiny droplets in the clouds
• Precipitation


  Gravity supplies the force that pulls water back to Earth's surface in the form of rain, sleet, or snow
• Percolation


  Precipitation soaks into the ground, some of the underground water is trapped between rocks and layers of clay and becomes groundwater
• Runoff


  Gravity's constant pull moves most of the water downhill towards the oceans and the cycle repeats
• Reservoirs


  • Glaciers
  • Oceans
  • Atmosphere
  • Aquifers
  • Plants
  • Human bodies
• Water


  Chemical formula of H²O, molecule forms V-shape, made up of two hydrogen atoms (white) and one oxygen atom (red) joined by a covalent bond
• Covalent Bond


  Atoms share electrons
• Polar Molecule


  Unequal distribution of electrons within the molecular structure
• Electronegative or electron "loving" atom


  Electrons tend to be closer to oxygen
• Oxygen


  Partial negative charges (δ-)