MODULE 10

• Periodic trends refer to patterns observed when comparing elements within a group or period.
• It is a carbonyl compounds with the general formula CnH2nO.

  aldehydes and ketones
• The _ (Ag20) in an aqueous ammonia solution (Tollen's reagent) is a mild reagent that gives a good yield at room temperature.

  oxidation of aldehyde and metone
• The oxidation of ketone to ester in the presence of peracid or hydrogen peroxide.

  baeyer-villiger to oxidation
• Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones due to their higher electron density on carbon atoms, which makes them better nucleophilic attack targets.
• The calcium salt of carboxylic acid on heating gives ketone.

  ketone from carboxylic acid
• The carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups with a-CO-functional group. 


  ketones
• The aldol condensation when two same aldehydes or ketones molecules having a- hydrogen atoms condensed.

  self-aldol condensation
• The _ also undergo a condensation reaction to give the product aldol of ketone.

  ketones
• It is formed by the reaction of triphenylphosphine and alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base.

  phosphorus ylide
• It is the reaction of phosphorous ylides with the carbonyl compound aldehyde or ketone to give an alkene.

  wittig reaction
• The aromatic aldehyde reacts with aliphatic acid anhydride in the presence of sodium salt of acetic acid to give a product α,β-β-unsaturated acid.

  perkins reaction
• The alcohols are oxidized with oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4), K2Cr207/H2SO4, chromic acid, or MnO2 to give carbonyl compounds aldehyde and ketone.

  oxidation of alcohols
• The preparation of aromatic aldehyde by the reaction of phenol ether and HCN in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst AICI3 or ZnCl2 to give product substituted aromatic aldehyde.

  gatterman synthesis
• The aldehydes and ketones react with two alcohol molecules to give a geminal diether known as

  Acetal
• This reaction involves the formation of aromatic aldehyde by the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid in the presence of Lewis acid (AICI3) as a catalyst. 


  gatterman-koch reaction
• It is a coupling reaction of two molecules of aromatic aldehyde with no a-hydrogen in the presence of potassium cyanide in ethanol as a catalyst to give the product Benzoin (a-hydroxy ketone).

  benzoin condensation
• The reaction of carbonyl compounds like aldehyde and ketone with a-halo ester in the presence of zinc in an inert solvent ether gives ẞ-hydroxy ester.

  reformatsky reaction
• The condensation of aldehyde or ketone having no a--hydrogen with active methylene compound in the presence of a weak base to give an unsaturated compound.

  knoevenagel reaction
• Aldol condensation occurs when two different aldehydes or ketone molecules having a-hydrogen atoms condensate.

  cross-aldol condensation
• The reduction of carbonyl compound like aldehyde or ketone in presence of aluminum alkoxide and isopropyl alcohol to give product corresponding alcohol. 


  meerwin-pondorf-veryl reduction (mpv)
• The reduction of acid chloride in the presence of a palladium-supported catalyst, such as palladium on BaSO4 or Charcoal, to give the product aldehyde. 


  rosenmunds reaction (reduction of acid chloride
• The ozone reacts with alkene to form ozonide intermediate which on treatment with reducing agent to gives aldehydes this reaction is called

  ozonolysis
• It is a redox reaction in which two molecules of an aldehyde with no a- hydrogen, when reacted with base sodium hydroxide, undergo self-oxidation and reduction to produce an alcohol and the salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid.

  cannizaro's reaction
• The aldehydes having a-hydrogen atoms undergo a reaction in the presence of a base alkali to give the condensation product ẞ-hydroxy aldehyde, which is known as

  aldol
• The ketone derivatives are known as

  ketal
• When aldehyde or ketone is heated with zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid to give the corresponding alkane.

  clemmensen reduction
• The ketone prepared from Grignard reagent and nitrile. The Grignard reagent attacks on electrophilic carbon of nitrile to give an imine salt which on hydrolysis gives ketone.

  ketone from nitrile or cyanide
• The hydrogen atoms in aldehydes make it easy to oxidize carboxylic acids containing the same number of carbon atoms with oxidizing agents like chromic acid and chromium trioxide. 


  oxidation of aldehyde and ketone
• It has one alkyl or aryl group and one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, with the characteristic functional group - CHO.

  aldehyde