Brazil EDC

• What is some background information on Brazil?

  • 7th largest economy in the world
  • Leading economic power in Latin America
  • GDP per capita increased from $4874 in 2007 to $5823 in 2014 and $6797 in 2020
  • Net migration rate = -0.1 migrant(s)/1000 population
• What is the current patterns of immigration and emigration in Brazil?

  • Net migration loss of 0.5 million from 2000 - 2009
  • Increased migration between Brazil and neighboring countries (South-South corridor) e.g., Argentina
  • Slowing down of emigration of less skilled workers to the USA
  • Increased emigration of highly skilled workers to the USA, Japan and Europe
  • Increased brain drain of highly skilled workers to Europe, USA
  • Strong internal migration from the northeast to cities in the southeast (urbanisation)
• What have been the changes in immigration and emigration over time?

  • Positive net migration in 19th-20th century due to Europeans being attracted to work in coffee cultivation
  • Political crisis led to migrants from Bolivia and Lebanon
  • Emigration increased over the last 25 years; mainly economic and to the USA, Japan and Europe
  • Economic migration between Paraguay and Argentina
  • Last 15 years - immigration slowed
  • 80,000 fewer immigrants living in Brazil than at the start of the century
  • Emigration increased i.e., in 2013, 1.77 mil Brazillians lived abroad compared to 0.98 mil in 2000
• What are 3 countries that Brazil has an interdependence with?

  • Portugal
  • Haiti
  • USA
• How does Brazil have an interdependence with Portugal?

  • Bilateral relationships on a political, social and economic basis
  • Brazil was a former Spanish colony
  • Special status still given to Brazilian migrants (130,000 Brazilian migrants living in Spain)
  • Shared language and family ties
  • Social dispora networks in both countries
  • Migrant remittances from Spain
• How does Brazil have an interdependence with Haiti?

  • Brazil has a political, economic and humanitarian relationship with Haiti
  • Immigrants from Haiti obtain visas easily
  • In 2010, 1681 Haitians living in Brazil increased to 11,072 in 2013
  • Haitians migrate to southern Brazil to join families, and due to the number of low skilled jobs available in agriculture and factories
• How does Brazil have an interdependence with the USA?

  • Low skilled migrants working in USA fill gaps in labour markets and send remittances back
  • More highly skilled Brazilians in the US service sectors
  • USA - Brazil trade, finance and defence agreements
  • USAid has supported Brazil with environmental projects in the past
• What are 3 impacts of migration on Brazil?

  1. Economic development
  2. Political stability
  3. Social inequality
• How has migration affected economic development in Brazil?

  • Migrants from Japan and EU countries has led to a growth in agricultural and manufacturing sectors
  • Migrant remittances to Brazil contribute to development of education and housing - 0.1% in 2015
• How has migration affected political stability in Brazil?

  • Member of Mercosur (trading bloc) - allows free trade and labour migration between members, which promotes economic stability
  • Stable political relationship with USA, Japan, Portugal (bilateral migrant flows)
  • Has recieved political and environmental refugees and allowed them to work
• How has migration affected social inequality in Brazil?

  • Inequality between different minority ethnic groups - Brazilians of African descent are most affected
  • Inequalities exist in housing, education and access to services
  • Prejudice and discrimination in the labour market