organisation - biology

Subdecks (2)

Cards (273)

  • Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms
  • Tissue
    A group of cells with similar structure and function
  • Organ
    A group of tissues performing specific functions
  • Organ system
    A group of organs performing a specific function
  • Organism
    A group of organ systems together
  • Enzymes
    Protein molecules found in cells that speed up reactions in the body
  • Enzymes
    • They can be reused as their shape remains unchanged
    • They depend on their shape to work
  • Lock and key model
    Explains how enzymes work - the substrate molecule (key) fits into the active site (lock) of the enzyme
  • Metabolism
    Reactions that build up and break down molecules, controlled by enzymes
  • Optimum temperature
    The temperature at which an enzyme works at its fastest rate
  • Denaturation
    When the shape of the enzyme's active site is permanently changed, causing it to stop working
  • Optimum pH
    The pH at which an enzyme works at its fastest rate
  • Different enzymes have different optimum pHs
  • Digestive system
    An organ system where several organs work together to digest and absorb food
  • Key digestive enzymes
    • Carbohydrase
    • Lipase
    • Amylase
    • Protease
  • Carbohydrase
    Enzymes that break down carbohydrates
  • Amylase
    A type of carbohydrase that breaks down starch
  • Protease
    Enzymes that break down proteins
  • Lipase
    Enzymes that break down lipids
  • Bile
    Produced by the liver, helps digest lipids by emulsifying them
  • Iodine test
    Tests for the presence of starch - turns blue-black in the presence of starch
  • Biuret test
    Tests for the presence of proteins - turns lilac in the presence of proteins
  • Lipid test

    Tests for the presence of lipids - forms a cloudy white emulsion
  • Benedict's test

    Tests for the presence of sugars - changes colour from blue to brick red
  • Double circulatory system
    Blood is pumped to the body by the left side of the heart and to the lungs by the right side
  • Parts of the heart
    • Left atrium
    • Left ventricle
    • Right ventricle
    • Right atrium
  • Pacemaker
    Controls the resting heart rate by sending regular electrical impulses
  • Artery
    Has a narrow lumen, thick muscle and elastic tissue layers to withstand high pressure
  • Capillary
    Has very thin walls, only one cell thick, allowing for short diffusion distances
  • Lumen
    The part inside where the blood is carried
  • Arteries
    • Narrow lumen
    • Thick layer of muscle around the artery that can contract to pump blood
    • Thick elastic tissue layer that recoils and maintains pressure
  • Capillaries
    The smallest blood vessels
  • Capillaries
    • Very thin walls, only one cell thick
    • Allow for short diffusion distance for gas exchange
    • Very narrow, so red blood cells travel in single line
  • Veins
    • Larger lumen compared to arteries
    • Thinner walls made of elastic and muscle tissue
    • Have valves to prevent backflow of blood
  • Components of blood
    • Plasma
    • White blood cells
    • Red blood cells
    • Platelets
  • Plasma
    The liquid part of blood that transports dissolved substances
  • Red blood cells
    Contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen, have a biconcave shape to increase surface area
  • Platelets
    Small cell fragments that help blood to clot
  • Blood is considered a tissue made of plasma in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended
  • Coronary arteries
    Supply the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose