GEREADPH Midterm Exam

• A Spanish Franciscan missionary and a significant figure in the history of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period

  Juan de Plasencia
• Father Plasencia played an important role in drafting laws called "Ordenanzas de Buen Gobiero" or Ordinances for Good Governance in 1589
• An Italian chronicler and explorer known for his written account of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition

  Antonio Pigafetta
• Pigafetta joined the expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan, which departed from Spain with the goal of finding a westward route to Spice Islands or Moluccas by sailing around the world
• Pigafetta's most significant contribution was his written account, titled "Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo" or Account of the First Journey Around the World, which detailed the expedition's experiences
• Ferdinand Magellan landed on the island of Homonhon in what is now Samar and later made contact with Rajah Humabon of Cebu
• Juan Sebastian Elcano completed the circumnavigation of globe in 1522, making it the first successful circumnavigation in history
• Ferdinand Magellan arrived on the island of Homonhon in March 16, 1521
• Until the end of 19th century, the word "Filipino" was referred to the Insulares which means Spaniard who were born in the Philippines. It was Rizal and the other Filipino propagandists who started to use the term Filipino to refer to the natives
• Since H Otley Beyer first proposed his wave migration theory. numerous scholars have approached the question of how, when and why humans first came to the Philippines
• The Philippines was controlled by foreign colonizers for almost 400 years
• The land bridge theory was considered by some early scientists and scholars as the most plausible one. This theory considers that Philippines was once part of mainland Asia. That long before the ice age there was a land bridge connecting Philippines to mainland China
• A less rigid version of the earlier wave migration theory is the Core Population Theory first proposed by anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano of the University of the Philippines [6] This theory holds that there weren't clear discrete waves of migration. Instead it suggests early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic group with similar culture, but through a gradual process over time driven by environmental factors, differentiated themselves from one another
• Secondary sources serve as critical tools in historical research, providing analysis, context, and interpretations derived from primary sources
• Primary sources are firsthand accounts or evidence created during the period being studied. They provide direct or immediate evidence of an event, person, place, or time
• Example of Primary Sources

  Official Records

  Correspondence

  Newspaper and Magazines

  Speeches and Interviews

  Manuscripts

  Photographs

  Artwork

  Maps

  Audio and Video Recordings

  Archaeological Finds

  Personal Items

  Eyewitness Accounts

  Census Data

  Surveys and Polls

  Books and Pamphlets
• Example of Secondary Sources

  Books

  Journal Articles

  Encyclopedia

  Biographies and Autobiographies

  Documentaries and Films

  Historical Reviews and Critiques

  Conference Papers and Presentations
• According to Aggarwal (2017) historians draws his/her conclusions and generalizations on the basis of these documents and facts (primary and secondary sources). It is essential to check the authenticity of the documents and facts. It is the important task of the historian to doubt every statement until it has been critically tested. There are two process of criticism in history these are external and internal criticism.
• This involves a close examination of the content, language, structure, and context within a source. It aims to determine the coherence of the text, and identify inconsistencies, anachronisms or contradictions within the source itself.

  Textual Analysis
• Assessing the origin, form, and purpose of the source to evaluate its reliability.

  Source Criticism
• Comparing the source with other similar or related sources to cross-reference information, verify facts, or detect discrepancies. Consistency across multiple sources enhances credibility

  Comparative Analysis
• Examination Analyzing the writing style language, or terminology used in the source to identify potential biases authorial intent, or cultural context

  Style and Language
• Investigating the source's chain of custody or provenance to verify its authenticity. This involves tracing the ownership, history, and transmission of the source to ensure it has not been altered or tampered with

  Provenance and Authenticity
• Evaluating the source's consistency with external evidence or other independent sources. Corroborating details across different types of sources enhances credibility

  Corroboration with External Evidence
• Placing the source within its historical, social, and cultural context to understand the circumstances of its creation.

  Historical Context
• Consulting experts or established scholarship to validate or challenge the source's credibility Relying on the consensus of historians within the field adds weight to the assessment

  Expert Opinion and Scholarly Consensus
• The reliance on secondhand knowledge, especially in historical research, can present several challenges and complexities such as:

  1. Interpretation and Bias.

  2. Accuracy and Reliability

  3. Omission or Selectivity

  4. Misinterpretation or Misrepresentation

  5. Evolution of Interpretation
• is often referred to as the "Father of History" for this extensive work, which explores the Greco-Persian Wars, cultures, customs, and geography of various ancient civilizations

  Herodotus
• His work is a detailed account of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta It's notable for its analytical approach, emphasis on cause and effect, and focus on political and military aspects

  Thucydides
• His work covers the rise of Rome and its dominance in the Mediterranean world. He emphasizes the importance of understanding historical events through a broader context, including politics, warfare, and social structure

  Polybius
• His monumental work chronicles the history of Rome from its legendary founding to the reign of Augustus. It encompasses myth, legend, and historical events of the early Roman Republic

  Livy
• a Jewish historian, documented the Jewish-Roman Wars and Jewish history, culture, and religion. His works are essential sources for understanding the history of Judea and the Roman Empire

  Josephus
• Is work is a comprehensive history of England, focusing on the conversion of the Anglo- Saxons to Christianity and the early medieval period

  Bede
• His seminal work introduces concepts of historical sociology and the philosophy of history. He discusses the rise and fall of civilizations, the importance of environment on societies, and the cyclical nature of history.

  Ibn Khaldun
• His book provides an extensive overview of Philippine history, emphasizing the Filipino perspective and the struggle for independence He focused on the colonial period and the Filipino nationalist movement

  Teodoro Agoncillo
• His work offers a critical analysis of Philippine history, focusing on the impact of colonialism and imperialism on the country's development. He examined socio-economic and political structures under Spanish and American rule

  Renato Constantino
• His writings encompass Philippine colonial history and the role of the Catholic Church His works include and contributions to various historical journals

  Jose Arcilla
• Scott's research focused on pre- colonial Philippine history and culture His book shed light on the pre-Hispanic Philippines, challenging traditional historical narratives

  William Henry Scott
• His book is a comprehensive account of the economic and political mechanisms during the Marcos regime in the Philippines.

  Ricardo Manapat
• Known for his research works within the context of Philippine history, Quibuyen's writings offer nuanced insights into Filipino nationalism.

  Floro Quibuyen