free will + determinism

• Free will


  Being actively in charge of your own behaviour and outcomes
• Determinism


  Giving in to 'fate' and other external forces to decide your destiny
• Types of determinism


  • Hard determinism
  • Soft determinism
  • Biological determinism
  • Environmental determinism
  • Psychic determinism
• Hard determinism


  • Based on cause-effect explanation, assumes all behaviour can be explained using general, causal laws
• Soft determinism


  • Based on hard determinism but includes mediating effects of cognitive factors, allows for some human control
• Biological determinism


  • Assumes biological processes control behaviour
• Environmental determinism


  • Based on conditioning, assumes human beings are controlled by external forces
• Psychic determinism


  • Based on idea that human beings are controlled by internal, unconscious drives
• The Skinner box


  • Example of hard determinism and environmental determinism
• Behaviourist approach


  Underpins both hard determinism and environmental determinism
• Token economies


  • Example of environmental determinism
• Cognitive approach


  Example of soft determinism
• Cognitive schema


  • Example of soft determinism
• Biological approach


  Underpinned by biological determinism
• Localisation of function


  • Example of biological determinism
• Psychodynamic approach


  Underpinned by psychic determinism
• Freud's study of Little Hans

  • Example of psychic determinism
• Arguments in support of determinism: Principles are in line with features of science, some behaviours may be determined by external factors
• Arguments against determinism: Determinism is unfalsifiable, people born into same circumstances don't always have same outcomes
• Free Will


  Unlike determinism, there is only one 'type' of free will as this concept does not exist as a theory, more it is the idea that human beings are self-determining beings who are able to exercise control over their behaviour and that choice is a key part of this
• Humanistic approach


  • The only approach that truly encompasses free will
  • Sees the individual at the heart of their own destiny, actively making decisions, shaping their life rather than allowing external forces to shape it for them
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs


  • Key component of the humanistic approach that exemplifies free will
• Roger's client-centred therapy


  • Key component of the humanistic approach that exemplifies free will
• Unconditional positive regard


  • Key component of the humanistic approach that exemplifies free will
• Self-actualisation


  • Key component of the humanistic approach that exemplifies free will
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs


  The individual can exercise free will to ascend to the peak of self-actualisation