Miss Estruch

• Monomers are smaller units which can create larger molecules and the polymers are made from lots of monomers which are bonded together
• Examples of monomers


  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Nucleotides
• Examples of polymers


  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
  • Proteins
  • DNA
  • RNA
• Condensation reaction to create polymers


  1. Joining two molecules together

  2. Creating a chemical bond

  3. Removing water
• Hydrolysis reaction to break apart polymers

  1. Breaking a chemical bond between two molecules

  2. Involves the use of water
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Disaccharides


  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
• Alpha glucose


  Hydrogen atom on top, hydroxyl group on bottom of carbon 1
• Beta glucose


  Hydroxyl group on top, hydrogen atom on bottom of carbon 1
• Glycosidic bond


  Chemical bond that forms between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide
• Maltose is made from glucose + glucose, lactose is made from glucose + galactose, sucrose is made from glucose + fructose
• Starch


  • Stored in plants as a source of glucose
  • Made from alpha glucose
• Cellulose


  • Structural component in plant cell walls
  • Made from beta glucose
• Glycogen


  • Stored in animals as a source of glucose
  • Made from alpha glucose
• Starch and glycogen have 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, cellulose has only 1-4 glycosidic bonds</b>
• Amylose


  Unbranched polymer of starch
• Amylopectin


  Branched polymer of starch
• Polysaccharides are large and insoluble, so they don't affect water potential or osmosis
• Cellulose


  • Long straight chains held together by hydrogen bonds, providing structural strength
• Glycogen


  • Highly branched, can be readily hydrolyzed to release glucose
• Lipids


  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
• Condensation reaction to form triglycerides

  1. Three fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule

  2. Three ester bonds form

  3. Three water molecules released
• Saturated fatty acid


  No double bonds between carbon atoms, fully saturated with hydrogen
• Unsaturated fatty acid


  At least one double bond between carbon atoms
• Triglycerides


  • High ratio of energy-storing carbon-hydrogen bonds
  • Can act as a metabolic water source when oxidized
  • Do not affect water potential or osmosis
• Phospholipids


  • Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
  • Form a bilayer in water
• Components of an amino acid

  • Central carbon
  • Hydrogen atom
  • R group
  • Amino group (NH2)
  • Carboxyl group (COOH)
• Condensation reaction to form a dipeptide

  1. Two amino acids join

  2. Peptide bond forms

  3. Water released
• Forming a polypeptide


  Multiple amino acids join via peptide bonds
• Primary structure of a protein


  The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
• Secondary structure of a protein

  The folding or twisting of the polypeptide chain, held by hydrogen bonds
• Tertiary structure of a protein


  The unique 3D shape of the protein, held by ionic, hydrogen and disulfide bonds
• Quaternary structure of a protein

  Multiple polypeptide chains joined together
• Enzymes


  • Proteins in the tertiary structure
  • Catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy
  • Each enzyme is specific to one reaction due to the shape of the active site
• Induced fit model


  The enzyme's active site slightly changes shape to mold around the substrate, putting strain on the substrate's bonds
• Active site


  Complementary in shape to a particular substrate
• Lock and key model

  Enzyme model learned at GCSE
• Induced fit model


  Accepted enzyme model - enzyme active site slightly changes shape to mould around the substrate
• Enzyme catalysis


  1. Substrate binding

  2. Enzyme active site slightly changes shape to mould around substrate

  3. Strain and tension on bonds

  4. Lowers activation energy