geography 🌍

• name the country:

  • a = Venezuela
  • b = Guyana
  • c = Suriname
  • d = French Guinea
  • e = Colombia
  • f = Ecuador
  • g = Brazil
  • h = Peru
  • i = Bolivia
  • j = Paraguay
  • k = Chile
  • l = Argentina
  • m = Uruguay

  
• Salar de uyuni is in Bolivia
• Cotopaxi volcano is in Colombia
• middle of the world city is in ecuador
• lake titicaca is in Peru
• Machu picchu is in peru
• Atacama desert is in Chile
• Andes mountain range is in Argentina
• Perito moreno glacier is in Chile
• Statue of Christ the redeemer is in Brazil
• Puente de la mujer is in Argentina
• The Falkland islands are at the bottom of South America
• Maracana football stadium is in Brazil
• itaipu dam is in Brazil
• iguaza falls is in Argentina
• Amazon rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world
• Capital cities:

  • Venezuela = Caracas
  • Guyana = Georgetown
  • Suriname = Paramaribo
  • French Guiana = Cayenne
  • Brazil = Brasília
  • Colombia = Bogota
  • Ecuador = Quito
  • Peru = Lima
  • Bolivia = La Paz / Sucre (more likely second)
  • Paraguay = Asuncion
  • Chile = Santiago
  • Argentina = Buenos Aires
  • Uruguay = Montevideo
• South America knowledge:

  • 4th largest continent
  • There are twelve countries in it
  • largest Brazil
  • French Guiana is not actually a country as it is an overseas region of France
  • The Falkland Islands are also not a country
  • The equator passes through 3 countries in it (Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia)
• South America knowledge:

  • To the west of SA is the Pacific Ocean and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean
  • The Caribbean Sea lies just north of the continent
  • Largest river is Amazon river (has over 200 tributaries)
• Rainforest ecosystem:

  • predators = kill for food
  • producers = green plants that make food by photosynthesis
  • prey = the animals that predators feed on
  • decomposers = feed on dead and decaying organisms
  • consumers = unable to produce own food so eat other animals and plants
• Food chain:

  • energy and nutrients move up through a food chain from the producer all the way to the apex predator
  • the nutrients get returned to the soil by decomposers breaking down dead organic matter (fallen leaves and dead animals)
• Food web:

  • Multiple food chains joined together and interconnected
  • Mostly more than one of each role in a food web so there is more than one thing you can eat or be eaten by
• Layers of the rainforest:

  • there are four layers to a rainforest: emergent, canopy, understorey and forest floor
  • emergent has very tall trees and is exposed to sunlight and rain
  • canopy protects layers below it from harsh wind and sunlight (it has a thick/dense layer of trees)
  • understorey is shady and humid with small trees and shrubs
  • forest floor is where decomposers thrive, it is dark and damp and there is poor soil
• Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal life in a habitat

  Protected land is where you can’t chop the rainforest down and unprotected land is where there are no restrictions in place to stop you

  Crop diversification is making sure you grow lots of different things to have a balanced and nutritious diet
• Slash and burn = trees are cleared and the vegetation is burnt (small scale)

  Clear cutting = complete removal of all trees in an area

  Selective logging = Targeting specific valuable trees but leaving the rainforest intact
• Commercial farming is one of the biggest causes of deforestation
• Logging is a very small part of deforestation
• Subsistence farming makes up 20% of deforestation in the Amazon
• GDP means gross domestic product and it is the measure of market value of all goods in a specific place at a specific time

  Export means to ship goods to another country to be sold
• Growing bananas:

  1. take one year to produce fruit and grow up to 5 metres tall
  2. when bananas are ripe enough the entire top of the tree is cut down
  3. arrive at port and exported out
  4. ship sails on journey then unloaded
  5. arrive in warehouse where they are ripened with gas
  6. packaged and chopped into bunches
  7. loaded onto lorries to sell in shops
• Import food means to bring goods into a country from abroad to sell
• Food biggest issues

  (top to bottom = most to least)

  1. transporting via plane ship or lorry
  2. farmers in lower income countries aren’t fairly paid
  3. importing food can be expensive
  4. consumers know little about how it was produced
  5. less work for UK farmers if food is imported
• Benefits of importing food:

  • gives us a varied healthy diet
  • access to food that only grows seasonally all year round
  • negotiating lower prices
  • provides market for foreign farmers (boosts foreign economy)
  • protects us against effect of poor UK harvest
• Why does it rain:

  1. sun warms the surface of the earth
  2. warm air rises
  3. the warm air cools and condenses
  4. water vapour collides and sticks to particles floating in air
  5. when enough water vapour condenses around nuclei a cloud droplet is formed
  6. the individual water droplets are so small and spread apart so that they stay afloat as a cloud
  7. sometimes the water droplets combine to make bigger droplets
  8. if they are too heavy they fall from the sky as precipitation
• Types of rain:

  • frontal rain = mid-latitude regions when warm tropic air meets cold polar air (vapour condenses)
  • relief rain = level of land, moisture-laden air pushes upwards over high ground (by relief of land) producing clouds
  • convectional rain = air is heated from below by either warm land or sea, it condenses into clouds, the cloud top cools and produces rain. This then falls as a short shower
• How is a waterfall formed?

  A waterfall is formed when a layer of soft rock is under a layer of hard rock.

  Water and other rocks travel over the hard rock and erode the soft rock

  Eventually so much soft rock has been eroded that the hard rock can’t support its own weight and collapses

  This happens many times creating gorges (which are then turned into waterfalls)
• Water cycle:

  • it is an ongoing cycle between land, ocean and atmosphere
  • water falls to earth as precipitation
  • infiltrated into soil of land
  • percolated into ground through rocks as gravity pulls vertically down
  • throughflow horizontally through soil
  • groundwater flow horizontally through rock
  • let out into water
  • if can’t be absorbed into soil as to saturated then surface runoff
  • intercepted by buildings/vegetation
  • lake water -> gas evaporation sun warms
  • cools condenses into water vapour
• Density and distribution!

  • population distribution is the spread of people across the world
  • population density is how many people live in a certain area
  • densely = lots
  • sparsely = not many
• Density and distribution physical factors:

  • climate, dp: rain + warm, sp: cold + extreme
  • water supply: dp: clean sp: dirty
  • soil: dp: fertile sp: barren
  • natural resources: dp: lots sp: few
  • topography: dp: flat sp: mountains
  • vegetation: dp: grassland sp: forest
• Density and distribution human factors:

  • political: dp: democratic sp: dictatorship
  • environmental: dp: fresh air sp: polluted
  • economic: dp: job opportunities sp: poor country w less pay and jobs
  • social: dp: safe sp: dangerous