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• Epithelial tissue


  A sheet of cells that covers an outer body surface or lines an internal cavity. It contains cells that are closely joined
• describing Epithelial tissue

  • Thickness:
  • Simple epithelium (single cell layer),
  • Stratified epithelium (multiple tiers of cells),
  • Pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying length)
  • Cell shape:
  • Cuboidal (like dice),
  • Columnar (tall),
  • Squamous (flattened)
• Four major tissue types in animals

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
• Connective tissue

  Mainly binds and supports other tissues. Consists of cells in an extracellular matrix of their own secretions. The matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
• Types of connective tissue in vertebrates


  • Loose connective tissue (binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place)
  • Fibrous connective tissue (tendons, ligaments)
  • Bone
  • Adipose tissue (stores fat for insulation and fuel)
  • Blood
  • Cartilage
• Muscle tissue


  Responsible for nearly all types of body movement. Muscle cells consist of filaments of the proteins actin and myosin which together enable muscles to contract
• Types of muscle tissues

  • Skeletal muscle (Moves the skeleton, voluntary, long, striated cells with many nuclei)
  • Cardiac muscle (Heart muscle, involuntary, striated cells with single nuclei)
  • Smooth muscle (In walls of hollow organs, involuntary, no striation, single nuclei)
• Nervous tissue


  Functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information. Contains neurons (nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses) and glial cells (support cells)
• bone tissues : are mineralized and forms the skeleton
• blood tissues : are composed of blood cells and cell fragments in plasma
• cartilage tissue : is a strong and flexible support material
• Organ systems in mammals: main components

  • Digestive
  • Circulatory
  • Respiratory
  • Immune and lymphatic
  • Excretory
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Nervous
  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
• Digestive systemmain components


  • Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
• Circulatory systemmain components


  • Heart, blood vessels, blood
• Respiratory systemmain components


  • Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
• Immune and lymphatic systemmain components

  • Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
• Excretory systemmain components


  • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
• Endocrine systemmain components


  • Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands
• Reproductive systemmain components


  • Ovaries or testes and associated organs
• Nervous systemmain components


  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
• Integumentary systemmain components


  • Skin and its derivatives (such as hair, claws, sweat glands)
• Skeletal systemmain components


  • Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
• Muscular systemmain components


  • Skeletal muscles
• Digestive system


  • Food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
• Circulatory system


  • Internal distribution of materials
• Respiratory system


  • Gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide)
• Immune and lymphatic system

  • Body defense (fighting infections and virally induced cancers)
• Excretory system


  • Disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood
• Endocrine system


  • Coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)
• Reproductive system


  • Gamete production; promotion of fertilization; support of developing embryo
• Nervous system


  • Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them
• Integumentary system


  • Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation
• Skeletal system


  • Body support, protection of internal organs, movement
• Muscular system


  • Locomotion and other movement