compendium 1

• Define Anatomy

  Anatomy: Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other.
• Define Physiology

  Physiology: The scientific investigation of the process or function of living things.
• Levels of Anatomy

  1. Gross Anatomy (macroscopic): Structures examined without the aid of a microscope

  a. Systemic: Body is studied system by system

  b. Regional: Body is studied area by area

  2. Surface: Study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures (also gross anatomy).

  3. Microscopic: Structures examined with the aid of a microscope.

  a. Eg. Cytology, histology (pap smear)

  4. Developmental: Structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan.
• Levels of Physiology

  · Cellular: Processes occurring in cells

  · Systemic: Functions of organ systems

  · Neurophysiology: Function of the nervous system

  · Cardiovascular: Function of heart and blood vessels
• Describe the 6 levels of organisation in the Body

  1. Chemical Level: Atoms combine to form molecules.

  a. Atom: Smallest entity in the human body at a chemical level. (Eg. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen) and they combine to form molecules (Eg. dna, rna, sugar, water).

  2. Cell Level: Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells.

  a. Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

  b. Molecules: (DNA, RNA) Combine to form organelles on a cellular level (eg. nucleus, mitochondria, ER) of a cell.

  3. Tissue Level: Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues.

  a. Tissues: Numerous cells (Eg. Smooth muscle cells) similar to each other join together to form a tissue and preform a common function (eg. Smooth muscle tissue).

  4. Organ Level: Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder.

  5. Organ System Level: One or more organs (eg. Kidneys, ureters, bladder) make up a system (eg. Urinary system).

  a. Organ System: Group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

  6. Organism Level: Organ systems make up an organism.

  a. Organism: Any living thing considered as a whole - whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
• List the 6 characteristics of organisms/life

  1. Organisation: Relationships among the parts of an organism and how that parts interact to preform specific functions.

  2. Metabolism: The ability to use energy and to perform vital functions. The chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism.

  3. Responsiveness: Organism's ability to sense changes in its external and internal environment and adjust to those changes.

  4. Growth: Increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.

  5. Development: Changes an organism undergoes through time (beginning with fertilisation and ending with death).

  6. Reproduction: Formation of new cells or new organisms.
• Define Homeostasis as well as the set point for each homeostatic mechanism and normal range.

  Homeostasis: The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly changing.

  · Includes body temperature, blood pressure, pH, glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen, etc.

  · Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the body near an ideal normal point called the set point (stability).

  o Set point for body temp = 37ºC

  o Set point for blood = pH 7.4

  o Set point for blood glucose = 5 millimoles per litre

  · Homeostasis is still maintained when small fluctuations occur above or below the set point = normal range

  · Failure of homeostasis can result in disease or death.
• What is the anatomical position and its purpose?

  Anatomical Position: A person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward (supine).

  · Gives a point of reference to describe different parts of the body
• List the characteristics of the anatomical position and an example of each

  Superior and inferior

  Anterior and Posterior

  Proximal and Distal

  Medial and Lateral

  Superficial and Deep

  
  

  EXTRA: Supine and Prone
• What are the three planes in which the body organs can be divided?

  Sagittal (mid and para)

  Transverse

  Frontal

  Oblique
• Anatomical location of body parts:

  1.· the ears are ___ to the lips

  2.· the elbow is ___ to the wrist

  3.· the head is ___ to the neck

  4.· the naval is ___ to the ears

  5.· the lips are ___ to the eyes

  6.· the bone is __ to the adipose tissue

  7. the epidermis is ___ to the dermis

  8.· the breast is ___ to the spine

  9.· the fingers are ___ to the wrist

  10. the shoulder is ___ to the sternum

  1. Posterior

  2. Proximal

  3. Superior

  4. Medial

  5. Inferior

  6. Deep

  7. Superficial

  8. Anterior

  9. Distal

  10. Lateral
• What are the three anterior cavities of the trunk? What do each contain

  Thoracic, Abdominal and pelvic cavity (abdominopelvic cavity)

  
  

  Thoracic: Mediastinum (divides T cavity)

  Diaphram (separates T and A cavity)

  
  

  Abdominal:

  Stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas and kidney

  
  

  Pelvic: Bladder, large intestine, reproductive organs
• Which quadrant and region does this body part belong in?

  1. liver, gallbladder, and ascending colon.

  2.Appendix

  3. liver, gallbladder, kidney, and small intestine. (2)

  4.Descending colon and kidney

  5. Urinary Bladder

  6. Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum

  7. Small Intestine

  8. spleen, colon, kidney, and pancreas. (2)

  9. Large intestine

  1. Right Lumbar region

  2. Right iliac region in the right lower quadrant

  3. Right Hypochondriac region in the right upper quadrant

  4. Left Lumbar region

  5. Hypogastric Region

  6. Epigastric Region

  7. umbilical Region

  8. Left Hypochondriac region in the left upper quadrant

  9. Left iliac Region in the left lower quadrant
• What are serous membranes (serosa) and why do we need serous membranes lining body cavities?

  Line the cavities in the trunk of the body and cover the organs within these cavities.

  Hold organs in place and reduce friction between organs
• 3 Types of serous membranes and each of their layers

  1. Lungs

  2. Heart

  3. Internal Organs

  1. Pleura

  2. Pericardium

  3. Peritoneum
• What is serous fluid and name the 3 types:

  1. Lungs

  2. Heart

  3. Internal Organs

  Serous fluid is produced by the membrane and fills the cavity between the two layers and acts as a lubricant between the organ and body wall. located in between the parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) layers

  
  

  1. Pleural fluid

  2. Pericardial fluid

  3. Peritoneal fluid