Immune Defense

• Two Components of IMMUNE DEFENSE:

  • Innate
  • Adaptive
• Defenses against ANY pathogen

  INNATE IMMUNITY
• Induced resistance to a SPECIFIC pathogen

  ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
• HOST DEFENSES: CYTOKINESIS
• PAMPs

  Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
• Gram Negative?

  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
• Gram Positive?

  Peptidoglycan
• "Cyto" means?

  Cell
• "Kinesis" means?


  Motion
• Proteins regulate the intensity & duration of immune response Roles:

  • RECRUIT defensive cells
  • ACTIVATE T&B cells
• Mechanical Factors: Physical barriers to pathogens

  • INTACT Skin
  • Physical barrier to penetration by pathogens
  • Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with keratin
  • Secretion contain lysozyme (damages or kills bacteria by lysing/breaking down their cell wall peptidoglycan)
  • Periodic Shedding
  • Dry

  FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
• A protective protein

  KERATIN
• Most common in our skin?

  Staphylococci/Streptococci
• Layers of the SKIN: (Hint: CLGSB)

  Corneum

  Lucidum

  Granulosum

  Spinosum

  Basale
• MECHANICAL FACTORS

  • traps microorganisms; prevents from drying

  Mucous Membrane: Mucus
• • Prevents microorganisms from entering the lower respiratory tract
  • Covers voice box

  EPIGLOTTIS
• • Continual washing helps keep microorganisms from settling on the surface of eye
  • Excess tears dilute and wash away the irritating substance or microorganisms

  LACRIMAL APPARATUS
• • Produced by the salivary glands.
  • Helps, dilutes microorganisms and wash them from the surface of the teeth and the mucous membrane of the mouth.
  • This helps prevent colonization by microbes.


  SALIVA
• The external ear canal contains hairs and earwax, which help prevent microbes, dust, insects, and water from entering the ear

  CERUMEN
• • The cleansing of the urethra by the flow of _____ is another physical factor that prevents microbial colonization in the genitourinary tract.
  • Vaginal secretions removes the mos from female body

  URINE
• What factor:

  • Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum
  • Low pH (3-5) of skin
  • Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids
  • Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice
  • Transferrins in blood find iron

  CHEMICAL FACTORS
• • Maintain body temp
  • Eliminate wastes
  • Flushes microorganisms from the surface of skin


  PERSPIRATION
• • enzyme capable of breaking down cells walls of gram (-) bacteria
  • Tears, saliva, nasal secretions, tissue fluids, urine

  LYSOZYME
• • Mixture of secretions

  Low pH of 3-5

  • Dead cells

  EARWAX (Cerumen)
• • Salivary amylase digests starch
  • Lysozyme
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
  • pH 6.55-6.85
  • Immunoglobulin A - prevents microorganism

  SALIVA
• PERISTALSIS, DEFECATION, VOMITING, DIARRHEA

  Muscular Contraction
• pH level of gastric juice in the stomach

  1.2 - 3 pH level
• Helicobacter pylori

  It neutralizes stomach acid
• Microorganisms in stomach


  Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus
• Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion:


  NORMAL MICROBIOTA compete w/ pathogens
• • Formed Elements In Blood
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
  • Agranulocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils (PMNs)
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils


  SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
• engulfing of other cells

  PHAGOCYTOSIS
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

  • Basophils


  Produce histamine
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

  • Neutrophils


  Phagocytic
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

  • Eosinophils


  Toxic to parasites, some phagocytosis
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

  • Monocytes


  Mature macrophages
• Fixed macrophages in lungs

  (alveolar macrophages)
• liver


  (Kupffer’s cells)
• neurovascular system


  (microglial cells)
•  Involved in specific immunity

  Lymphocytes