DAIRY PROD

• The Philippines imports about 99 percent of the requirement
• Dairy Production - The most underdeveloped and neglected sector in the country.
• Problems of the dairy industry

  • Poor reproductive capacity
  • Low productivity
  • Poor marketing
• Taxonomy of buffalo

  Phylum: Chordata (animals having a backbone)

  Class: Mammalia (milk giving)

  Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed, hooved)

  Suborder: Ruminatia (cud chewing)

  Family: Bovidae (hollow horn, ruminants)

  Genus: Bubalus

  Species: Bubalus bubalis
• Swamp type – prefers to wallow in mud
• Murrah

  • It originated from India
  • Jet black color with white switch in the tail
  • Horns are tightly and spirally curled
  • Massive and stock built and light neck and head, short limbs, broad hips and drooping quarters
  • Average mature weight of male is 625 kg while female is 525 kg
  • Average milk production is 5-7 kg per day
• Surti

  • Also from India
  • Black or reddish and the hair is gray to rusty brown
  • Horns are coiled downward and upward to form a hook
  • Wedge body shape conformation
  • In bulls, the front is much more developed while the hind portion is narrow
  • The average mature weight of male is 499 kg while female is 408 kg
  • The average milk production is 5-6 kg per day
• Jaffarabadi

  • Originated from India
  • Black with occasional white markings on the face and legs
  • It has heavy and broad flat horns that inclines to droop on each side of the neck and turn up of the tips but are not curled
  • The body is long and heavy
  • The average mature weight of male is 589 kg while female is 453 kg
  • The average milk production is 3-7 kg per day
• Nili/ravi

  • Originated from Pakistan
  • Black with white markings on the forehead, muzzle, face and legs with white switch and eye walls
  • The horns are small and lightly coiled
  • It has medium-sized deep frame with elongated, coarse and heavy head, bulging at the top, depressed between the eyes and ending in a fine muzzle
  • The average mature weight of male is 590 kg while female is 453 kg
  • The average milk production is 6.0-7.5 kg per day
• Philippine carabao

  • It originated from the Philippines
  • Light gray in color with two stripes or chevron distinct on the ventral side of the neck, near the brisket and jaw
  • Horns are generally curved outward and inward to form a semi-circle from the base of the head It has a low wide and heavy built body indicated for draft, milk and meat purpose
  • The average mature weight of male is 500 kg while female is 425 kg
  • The average milk production is 1.45- 2.64 kg per day
• Thai buffalo

  • Originated from Thailand
  • Black in color with relatively long hair
  • It is a strong and broad bodied animal with prominent muscling in the neck, chest and back
  • It has a massive horn to form a moonlike crescent with ends upwards
  • The average mature weight of male is 540 kg while female is 400 kg
  • The average milk production is 0.9-1.0 kg per day.
• A native carabao produces an average of 2.2 kg milk daily for 240 days.
• Composition of milk - Milk is mainly composed of water, fat, protein, lactose (milk sugar) and ash
• Total Solids (TS) - All the milk constituents excluding water
• Solids Non-Fat (SNF) - TS minus fat
• Factors affecting milk composition

  • Animal species
  • Breeds
  • Individuality
  • Season
  • Stage of lactation
  • Level of nutrition
  • Management practices
• Milk fat is the most variable milk constituent
• Milk produced under ideal condition has slightly sweet and pleasant tase
• Milk with low fat content tends to be flat while that with higher fat has creamy and fuller flavor
• Lactose intolerance - Failure to secrete enough lactase resulting to inability to digest lactose completely
• Milk toxicants

  • Antibiotic residues
  • Pesticides/insecticides
  • Radioactive materials
• Organoleptic evaluation - This test makes use of the senses - evaluator must have a keen sense of smell and taste
• Color of normal carabao’s milk is white while cow’s milk is yellowish
• Alcohol precipitation test (APT) and clot on boiling test (COB)

  • Fresh normal milk does not contain appreciable amount of lactic acid
  • If milk curdles is present it is not suitable for processing
• Clot on boiling test (COB)

  • Measure about 5 ml milk in a test tube.
  • Put test tube in boiling water for about 5 minutes.
  • Observe for the presence of clot
• Determination for specific gravity

  • This test can be determined using lactometer reader.
• Mastitis occurs when white blood cells (leucocytes), are released into the mammary gland, usually in response to an invasion of bacteria of the teat canal.
• Mastitis can also occur as a result of chemical, mechanical, or thermal injury.
• Bacterial cells of Staphylococcus aureus, one of the causal agents of mastitis in dairy cows.
• Typical form of hypocalcemia, with the cow's head in "self-auscultation