Task 2 Movement Analysis

• Divisions of the Skeleton

  • Axial
  • Appendicular
• Appendicular Skeleton


  • Limb bones, allows/conducts major movement
  • Consists of the arms and legs
  • Attached to the main body structure
  • Includes bones of the upper and lower arms, wrists, hands, pelvic area, upper and lower legs, and feet
  • Supports upright posture and movement
• Axial Skeleton


  • Central axis of the body, doesn't move much at all → no conduct of movement
  • Comprises 80 of the body's 206 bones, all in the upper body
  • Includes the skull, vertebrae, and thorax
• Agonist


  The contracting muscle that provides the main force that causes the movement (prime mover)
• Antagonist


  The muscle that opposes a movement and does not contract in any way during a movement
• Stabiliser


  The muscle that aids the agonist and is partially contracted
• Muscle relationships


  • Elbow flexion and extension
  • Shoulder abduction and adduction
  • Shoulder flexion and extension
  • Knee extension and flexion
  • Ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
• Synovial Joints


  • Ball and socket
  • Hinge
  • Saddle
  • Gliding
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
• Flexion


  When the angle between body parts decreases at a joint, often happening in a forward motion in the body's front surfaces (anterior)
• Extension


  When the angle between body parts increases at a joint, typically happening in a backward motion along the body's midline
• Abduction


  When a body part moves away from the body's midline, usually sideways, in the frontal plane
• Adduction


  When a body part moves toward the body's midline or even past it, usually in a sideways direction, in the frontal plane
• Circumduction


  When the end of a limb moves in a circular motion, covering a full circle of 360 degrees while the base stays still
• Rotation


  When a body part twists in the transverse plane. It can be internal (moving inward) or external (moving outward)
• Supination


  Rotation of the forearm where the hand rotates to being palm up
• Pronation


  Rotation of the forearm where the hand rotates to being palm down
• Inversion


  When the plantar surface (bottom) of the foot turns medially
• Eversion


  When the plantar surface (bottom) of the foot turns laterally
• Plantarflexion


  When the toes and ball of the foot "flex" downward (inferiorly)
• Dorsiflexion


  When the toes and ball of the foot "flex" upward (superiorly)
• Joint Types and Actions

  • Shoulder: Ball & socket joint, Flexion & extension, Abduction & adduction, Internal & external rotation, Circumduction
  • Elbow: Hinge joint, Flexion and extension
  • Wrist: Condyloid joint, Flexion & extension, Abduction & adduction
  • Ankle: Hinge joint, Plantar/dorsiflexion
  • Hip: Ball & socket joint, Flexion & extension, Abduction & adduction, Lateral & medial rotation
• Major Bones


  • Skull
  • Spine (Vertebral Column)
  • Rib Cage
  • Pelvis
• Skull


  • Protects the brain
• Spine (Vertebral Column)


  • Supports the body and protects the spinal cord
• Rib Cage


  • Protects the heart and lungs
• Pelvis


  • Supports the weight of the upper body and protects pelvic organs
• Upper Body Bones


  • Clavicle (Collarbone)
  • Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
  • Humerus
  • Radius and Ulna
  • Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
• Clavicle (Collarbone)


  • Connects the arm to the body
• Scapula (Shoulder Blade)


  • Provides attachment for several shoulder and upper arm muscles
• Humerus


  • The upper arm bone, pivotal in arm movement
• Radius and Ulna


  • Forearm bones, crucial for wrist and elbow movements
• Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges

  • Bones of the wrist, hand, and fingers
• Lower Body Bones


  • Femur
  • Patella (Kneecap)
  • Tibia and Fibula
  • Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
• Femur


  • Thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body
• Patella (Kneecap)


  • Protects the knee joint
• Tibia and Fibula


  • Lower leg bones, essential for weight-bearing and movement
• Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges

  • Bones of the ankle, foot, and toes
• Upper Body Muscles


  • Deltoid
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Biceps Brachii
  • Triceps Brachii
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Trapezius
• Deltoid


  • Shoulder muscle responsible for arm abduction
• Pectoralis Major


  • Chest muscle involved in pushing movements