WEEK 1

• Systematics


  Based on evolutionary relationships
• Taxonomy


  The science that deals with the classification of organisms based on shared characteristics
• Taxonomy came from the ancient Greek words 'taxis' meaning "arrangement" and 'nomia' meaning "method"
• Aristotle


  • First Greek philosopher to classify organisms into invertebrates and vertebrates, divided animals based on how they give birth
• Theophrastus


  • Wrote "De Historia Plantarum" which classified 480 species of known plants based on their growth forms
• Pedanius Dioscorides


  • Greek physician who gathered information about medicinal plants and wrote the book De Materia Medica, which contained information on about 600 species based on their medicinal properties
• Gaius Plinius Secundus


  • Wrote many books including Naturalis Historia, which is composed of 160 volumes on plants that were given Latin names
• Andrea Cesalpino


  • Wrote "De Plantis" that showed information on 1,500 plant species, which are classified based on growth habits, as well as fruit and seed forms
• Johann Bauhin, Gaspard Bauhin


  • Wrote "Pinax Theatri Botanici" which contained information on 6,000 plant species and included the synonyms of plant species, recognized the genus and the species as major taxonomic levels of organisms
• John Ray


  • Established the species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy, wrote "Methodus Plantarum Nova" which contained information on 18,000 plant species
• Joseph Pitton de Tournefort


  • Wrote "Institutiones Rei Herbariae" which consists of information on 9,000 plant species listed in 698 genera, based on floral characters
• Carl Linnaeus


  • Regarded as the "father" of taxonomy, developed the binary nomenclature and categorized and classified at least 8,000 different plants and animals based on their morphological characteristics
• Michel Adanson


  • Wrote "Familles des Plantes" which gave the idea that classifying organisms should be based on a great range of characters
• Antoine Laurent de Jussieu


  • Changed the system of plant classification with his published book Genera Plantarum, established the "family" rank as that between "genus" and "class"
• Ernst Haeckel


  • Introduced the three-kingdom scheme by adding Kingdom Protista
• Edouard Chatton


  • Coined the terms prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Herbert Copeland


  • Established the four-kingdom classification scheme
• Robert Whittaker


  • Introduced the five-kingdom classification scheme by introducing Kingdom Fungi
• Carl Woese


  • Introduced Kingdom Archaebacteria in the 1970s
• Taxonomy


  A branch of biology that deals with the conception, naming, and classification of groups of organisms
• Binomial Nomenclature


  Naming system where organisms are given two names - genus and species
• Rules for Binomial Nomenclature


  • Genus name begins with capital letter, species name begins with lowercase letter, names are italicized, handwritten names are underlined
• Trinomial Nomenclature


  Naming system where organisms are given three names - genus, species, and subspecies
• Rules for Trinomial Nomenclature

  • Genus name begins with capital letter, species name begins with lowercase letter, subspecies name follows species name and is preceded by a space, names are italicized, handwritten names are underlined
• Linnaean System of Classification

  Taxonomic hierarchy used to classify organisms
• Domains


  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
• Bacteria


  • Single-celled microorganisms without a nucleus, found in various environments (e.g. Escherichia coli, Cyanobacteria)
• Archaea


  • Single-celled microorganisms without a nucleus, often living in extreme conditions (e.g. Thermophiles, Halophiles)
• Eukarya


  • Organisms with cells that have a nucleus, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists
• Kingdom


  The way in which science classifies living things according to their ancestry over the course of evolution
• Five Kingdoms


  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protista
  • Monera (Bacteria)
• Major Phyla within Kingdom Animalia

  • Chordata
  • Arthropoda
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Nematoda
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Cnidaria
  • Porifera
  • Echinodermata
• Classes within Kingdom Animalia

  • Mammalia
  • Aves
  • Reptilia
  • Amphibia
  • Insecta
• Orders within Classes


  • Carnivora (Mammalia)
  • Primates (Mammalia)
  • Passeriformes (Aves)
  • Lepidoptera (Insecta)
• Families within Orders


  • Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia)
  • Hominidae (Primates, Mammalia)
  • Rosaceae (Rosales, Magnoliopsida, Angiosperms)
  • Fabaceae (Fabales, Magnoliopsida, Angiosperms)
• Genus and Species


  The names most commonly used to describe an organism, where two names are generally sufficient to differentiate from one organism to the next