FINALS

• Global warming


  Increase in temperature across the globe
• Causes of global warming

  • Burning of fossil fuels
  • Emission from automobiles adds to greenhouse gases
• Climate Change


  Causing environmental change such as melting of glacier, change in season etc.
• Major cause of climate change

  • Greenhouse gases
  • Chlorine destroys ozone layer, leaving exposure to UV rays, resulting to skin diseases
• Effects of climate change

  • Rising sea levels and degrading permafrost
  • More precipitation in temp. results to more flood
  • Less precipitation results to higher probability of drought
  • Powerful climate events
  • Sea-ice disappearance
• Effects of climate change on species component biodiversity


  • Change in distribution of species
  • Increase extinction rate
  • Reproduction timing
  • Length of growing season
• Effects of climate change in polar ecosystem


  • Threatens the habitat of animals rely on ice
  • Population of krill & small organism could adversely affect
  • Affects the live hood, particularly fishing & hunting
• Effects of climate change in agriculture system


  • Affect plant growth & reproduction due to pest & diseases
  • Reduce yields
• Effects of climate change in forest ecosystem


  • Vulnerable to fire & pests
  • Changes in temp. & precipitation affects forest growth
  • Forces species to migrate or die
• Effects of climate change in water ecosystem


  • Change rainfall & melt patterns resulting to change in flow system
  • Warmer climates forces to increase demand of fresh water
• Effects of climate change in island ecosystem


  • Increase sea-surface temp. & change in water results to coral bleaching & coral death
• Deforestation


  Depletion of trees & forest
• Overfishing


  Fishes being caught faster than they reproduce
• Causes of overfishing


  • Tech. advancements
  • Subsidies
  • Fisheries agreement
  • Pirate fishers
  • Catching unwanted species
  • Destructive fishing
  • Lack of conservation program
• Solid waste Management


  Discipline associated with disposal of solid waste that doesn't harm the environment
• Industrial dumping


  Disposal of toxic waste; pollute soil, water bodies & can contaminate ground water
• Human sewage


  Excrement, wastewater, vegetable matter from food preparation
• Effects of human sewage

  • Creates foul odor
  • Water pollution
• Waste in the Ocean


  Marine debris harms coastal life
• Effects of dumped waste in the ocean


  • Cause problems to the reproduction & development of marine species
• Overpopulation


  Leads to shortage of resources
• Effects of overpopulation


  • Misuse the environment
  • Lack of educ., access to health care, & family planning
• Thomas Malthus wrote "An essay of the principle of population" – dangers of population growth & need to control population
• Palaeozaic Era – over 100 years human have amplified the extinction rate at least 100 times
• Bob Scholes & Oonsie Biggs – proposed BII (Biodiversity intactness Index) – how human activities increase/decrease the total populations of groups of species
• Acid Rain/Acid deposition


  Occurs when emission of sulfur dioxide & oxide of nitrogen react in the atmosphere
• Effects of acid rain


  • Acidifies bodies of water, eradicate marine species
  • Ruins plant nutrients & ability to survive
  • Decays architecture & artwork
• Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted & Martin Lowry – stated acid rain is generally "sour in taste", provides stinging feeling on mucous membranes
• Ozone


  Gas in the earth's atmosphere, protects from UV rays
• Effects of ozone depletion


  • Irritates respiratory system
  • Reduce lung function
  • Aggravate asthma & lung diseases
• Air Quality Index


  Scale used to report actual levels of ozone, monitored by AIR now Website
• Air quality Monitoring Stations in PH

  • Baguio
  • Cebu
  • Iloilo
  • Cagayan de oro
• Pollutants monitored by air quality stations

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrogen Dioxide
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Ozone
  • Benzene
  • Toluene
• Oil spill


  Release of crude oil/refined petroleum
• Methods of oil spill cleanup

  • Boom - can be placed somewhere in the ocean or around a habitat oil
  • Suction skimmers - attached to a boat and suck up spilled oil
  • Airplane -– used to drop chemicals
  • Vacuum trucks -
  • Use of indigenous products (human hair, feathers, rice straw)
• Chernobyl disaster


  April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power product of a flawed soviet reactor design
• Effects of Chernobyl disaster


  • Causes radioactivity
  • Consequence of cold war isolation
• Uranium(U-235)


  Nuclei split in a nuclear reactor
• Effects of radiation exposure in human body


  • Damages person's DNA, causing cancer & genetically abnormalities
  • Experience of radiation, "Taste like metal"
• Environmental Economics


  Studies the economic effects of environmental policies