coasts

• Geology?


  The study of the Earth
• weathering?


  The breakdown of rocks in situ
• Erosion?


  The wearing away and removal of material
• Mechanical weathering?


  Breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition.
• Chemical weathering?


  The breakdown of rocks and minerals through chemical reactions.
• biological weathering?


  Rocks are broken up by the action of plants and animals
• discordant coast line?


  Where less resistant and more resistant rocks have ended up in a sequence of perpendicular right angle to the sea
• cave?


  an opening in a cliff or a headland with a back wall
• arch?


  A tunnel through a headland open at both ends
• Stack?


  A column of rock separated from the coast above the waterline
• stump?


  A very short stack
• longshore drift?


  The movement of material
• MM?


  mass movement
• Rock cycle?


  Continuous process by which rocks are formed destroyed and reformed through geological processes
• Rock cycle?

  1. magma reaches the surface and cools to form an igneous rock
  2. Erosion and weathering breaks, rocks and minerals down into sediments
  3. Layers of sediment buildup under the ocean and are compressed into a sedimentary rock
  4. Weight of water and rock and pressure of earths plates moving forces rocks to change shape and structure into a metamorphic rock
  5. Moving plates, take rock deep under surface which heat melts it to make magma
• what is the meaning of deposition? The dropping of material in a place away from where it was eroded.
• What is transportation?

  The movement of material from one place to another
• what are three types of weathering?

  Mechanical, chemical and biological
• how do caves, arches, stacks, and stumps form?

  1. when a discordant coastline is eroded it creates headlands and bays.-the sea can then erode the headland, it starts by eroding and enlarging a crack in the headland to make a cave.-eventually, it will erode the cave all the way through the headland, which creates an arch.-the top of the arch will be weathered until it's so weak it collapses-this leaves a stack, the stack will be weathered and eroded until it becomes a stump
• what does CASS stand for?

  cave, arch, stack, stump
• how is a spit formed?

  1. Wind and wave direction cause material to be transported and deposited by longshore drift 2. Coastline changes direction, material is deposited offshore creating a long, thin stretch of sediment that projects out to sea from the coast 3. Change in wind direction causes the end of the spit to change direction and recurve

• what is a spit?

  • Long, thin stretch of sediment that projects out to sea from the coast
• Water behind spits and sandbanks is called a lagoon, and is a shallow area of water that is separated from the sea by a sandbar
• Mudflats?


  Coastal wetlands
• Saltmarshes?

  • Mudflats that have been colonised by plants
• lagoons?


  saltwater lakes
• what are the types of erosion?

  Water, wind, ice, and gravity.
• What leads to mass movement in clay cliffs

  1. In the summer, cliffs made of clay dry out forming cracks

  2. The cliffs can also be broken up and weakened by other forms of weathering

  3. Less resistant rock such as clay and chalk is prone to this

  4. When it rains, water soaks into the cliffs, making them heavy

  5. The weakened cliffs, lubricated by the rainwater, become so heavy they give way, causing a landslide

  6. The situation can be made worse by erosion from the sea at the base of the cliff making it weaker