CC1 SUMMARIZED

• Clinical Chemistry


  The systematic study of the biochemical process associated with health and disease & the measurement of constituents in body fluids or tissues to facilitate diagnosis of disease
• Clinical Pathology


  The diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids
• Anatomical Pathology


  The study of organs and tissues
• POCT - Point of Care Testing


  Near-patient testing, alternate-site testing or patient-focused testing
• Substances Normally present with a function in the circulation

  • Glucose
  • Total protein & albumin
  • Electrolytes
  • TAG, cholesterol
  • Hormones
  • Vitamins
• Metabolites-nonfunctioning Waste Products


  • Urea
  • Ammonia
  • Creatinine
  • Bilirubin (sensitive to light)
  • Uric Acid
• Substances released from cells as a result of cell damage & abnormal permeability or abnormal cellular proliferation

  • Enzymes:

  LD (Lactated Dehydrogenase or LDH)

  ALT (Alanine Transaminase)

  AST (Aspartate Transferase

  CK (Creatine Kinase)

  AMS (Amylase Test)

  GGT (Gamma-glutamyl Transferase)

  ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

  ACP (Acid Phosphatase)

  Ferritin
• Disease


  A pathological condition of the body that is manifested by a group of clinical signs & symptoms
• Diagnose


  Evaluates history of disease process
• Prognosis


  Predicts the course of the action of disease
• Referral Laboratory


  Laboratory that performs testing for other clinical laboratories & institutions
• Phlebotomist


  Person who collects blood by venipuncture
• Medical Technologist


  It is a.k.a clinical laboratory scientist, usually has baccalaureate degree & formal training in an accredited medical technology/medical laboratory science program that meets the criteria by national standard, & passed the PRC licensure examination
• International Certifications


  • MT-ASCP (MT-American Society of Clinical Pathologists)

  CLS-NCA (Clinical Laboratory Scientist NationalCertification Agency for Medical Laboratory Personnel)

  AMT (American Medical Technologists)

  RMT-ISCLT (Registered Medical Technologist International Society for Clinical Laboratory Technolog)
• Medical Laboratory Technician


  It is a.k.a clinal laboratory technician, person who not being a graduate of BSMT/BS in Hygiene, but having passed the corresponding civil service examination, perfoms the work of medical technology under the supervision of a registered medical technologist and/or qualified pathologist.
• Medical Assistant


  Multi-skilled allied health professional, dedicated to assisting in all aspects of a medical practice under the supervision of a physician.
• ACS - American Chemical Society


  Established the specifications of chemicals in the analytical grade category.
• Examples of Analytical Reagent Grade Chemicals


  • Spectrograde
  • Nanograde
  • High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) grade
• Analytical Reagent Grade Chemicals


  Used in most analytical laboratory procedures
• Chemcially Pure Grade


  Sufficiently pure to be used in many analyses in the clinical lab
• United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary Grade chemicals (USP & NF)

  Less pure than CP grade, chemical are not injurious to humans and are used to produce drugs
• Technical or Commercial Grade

  Lowest quality and should not be used for analytical work, and used only for industrial purposes
• Primary Standard


  Is a chemical that is the highest purity and can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration.
• PS must be 99.98% pure and the working standard be 98.95% pure.
• International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

  Required the settings in number 8
• Primary standard grades


  • Grade A: Primary standards with >0.002% impurity

  Grade B: Secondary standards derived from using Grade C standards

  Grade C: Atomic weight standards

  Grade D: Working standard with >0.5% impurity

  Grade E: Ultimate standard
• National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST)

  They are known to purify materials known as Standard reference materials and are used as primary standard materials in the clinical laboratory.
• Secondary standard


  Is a substance of lower purity whose concentration is determined by comparison to a primary standard.
• Reagent Grade Water


  Is water suitable for reagent and standard preparation.
• Distilled Water


  Is purified to remove almost all organic materials.
• Deionized Water


  Is produced from distilled water using either an anion or cation exchange resin followed by replacement of the removed particles with hydroxyl (-) or hydrogen (+) ions respectively.
• The College of American Pathologists and the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards

  They issued minimum specifications for RGW used in most qualitative measurement/examinations, most procedures in urinalysis, parasitology and histology, washing glassware and procedures not requiring Type I or Type II water
• Type I RGW


  Type water that is used for procedures that require maximum water purity, measured in nanogram or subnanogram conc.
• Type II RGW


  It is used in most laboratory determination in chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, and other chemical laboratory areas.
• Thermometers


  Are either an integral part of an instrument or need to be placed in the device for temperature maintenance
• Type III RGW


  Is used in most qualitative measurement/examinations
• Carbon-dioxide-free water


  Is obtained by boiling Type II water. This is used when carbon dioxide, ammonia and oxygen may affect analysis.
• The accuracy of the thermometer used to monitor the incubation temperature of an instrument should be verified every 6 to 12 months
• National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST)

  Reference thermometers must be certified by
• For the monitoring of enzymatic reactions, thermometer should agree within 0.1°C with the NIST reference thermometer, thermometers used to check refrigerator and freezer temp should agree within 1.0°C with the reference thermometer