UCSP

• Social structure


  The way on which society is organized, referring to the patterned relationship, roles, and institutions that shape and organize human interactions within a society or a specific group
• Elements of social structure

  • Status
  • Role
  • Group
  • Institutions
• Status


  Socially defined position in a group (or society) complemented by specific merits, rights, and obligation
• Types of status


  • Ascribed
  • Achieved
• Ascribed status


  Fixed for an individual at birth, including those based upon sex, race ethnic group and family background
• Achieved status


  Result of choice, merit, effort, and perseverance, such as occupation, education, income level
• Role


  The set of norms, values, behaviors, and personality characteristics attached to a status. An individual may play one or more roles
• Role conflict


  Stems out from the challenging and opposing pressures of two or more roles that struggle for our time and attention
• Group


  Two or more people who have at least one goal in common and shared mutual styles in terms of manners of thinking and behaving
• Classification of groups


  • Social categories
  • Social aggregates
  • Dyad
  • Triad
• Social categories


  Groups of individuals who share specific characteristics or attributes, such as age, gender, occupation, or ethnicity
• Social aggregates


  People who happened to be at the same place at the same time, often temporary and transitory in nature
• Dyad


  A social interaction or relationship between two individuals
• Triad


  A social group or relationship involving three individuals, where individuals can have different relationships and connections with the other two members
• Social institutions


  Society is organized through social institutions that serve specific functions and maintain social order
• Types of groups according to nature of social ties

  • Primary group
  • Secondary group
• Primary group


  A small social group whose members share personal and intimate relationships, with a permanent duration and involving many activities
• Secondary group


  A large group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity, often with a short-term duration and involving few activities
• Types of groups according to social identification

  • In-group
  • Out-group
  • Reference group
• In-group


  A group with which a member can identify himself/herself
• Out-group


  A group or category to which people feel they do not belong
• Reference group


  A group that people use as a standard in evaluating or understanding themselves, their attitudes and their behavior
• Types of organizations


  • Formal organization
  • Informal organization
  • Network
• Formal organization


  An organization type in which the job of each member is clearly defined, with fixed authority and responsibility, bound by hierarchical structure, rules and regulations
• Informal organization


  An organization formed within the formal organization as a network of interpersonal relationships, created spontaneously
• Network


  A set of relations, links, or ties among social actors
• Functions of social network

  • Diffusion
  • Exchanges
  • Social support
  • Exclusion
• Conformity


  Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to correspond with a group criterion
• Chameleon effect


  A social psychology phenomenon wherein people tend to make themselves blend into the environment
• Deviance


  The opposite of conformity, a behavior, trait, belief, or other attributes that defies or violates a norm and triggers an undesirable outcome
• Forms of deviance


  • Innovation
  • Ritualism
  • Retreatism
  • Rebellion
• Social control


  Necessary to ensure that a society functions smoothly, through primary means like self-control, police, family, religious figures, peer group, and public opinion
• Agents of ideological social control

  • Family
  • Government
  • Education
  • Religion
  • Media
  • Sports
• Purpose of social control


  To encourage people to follow social norms and ensure social stability for society to function smoothly
• Kinship


  Refers to human relationships, creating a network of social relationships that are basic and essential in the lives of most humans in most societies
• Types of kinship

  • Kinship by blood
  • Kinship by marriage
• Kinship by blood


  People are related by descent or genetic relatedness, including consanguinity, patrilineal, bilateral, and matrilineal
• Consanguinity


  Relationship by the same ancestor
• Patrilineal


  Kinship is seen through the father's line of descent
• Matrilineal


  Kinship is seen through the mother's line of descent