history c+p 10

• 5 ways policing has changed 1900-present

  1. Training and recruitment

  2. Transport

  3. Equipment

  4. Crime detection tools

  5. Record keeping
• How has technology in policing developed over time

  communication was first done by mouth, the peelers had a rattle and whistle but now officers carry phones and walkie talkies- police is more efficient.

  initially no records were kept, then in filing cabinets but were badly organized and now on computer data base systems.

  Fingerprinting has developed and now police use DNA.
• How has using specialist forces in policing developed over time

  first forces were Horse Patrol and Thames River Police.

  Horse patrol is still used by is by cars(Traffic Enforcement officers)

  Now there's terrorist investigators and fraud squad.- police have adapted to new crimes/ changes in society
• How has the role of the police changed over time

  The idea of the job has stayed the same- to catch criminals and protect people.

  Police are now better trained and equipped and its a full time job where they used to be part time which meant they didn't catch much criminals cause they didn't have time.
• What are 5 old crimes that have continued but in a new form

  1. Smuggling

  2. Selling women and children into prostitution

  3. Drunk and disorderly behavior

  4. Fraud

  5. Terrorist
• what are 6 new crimes since 1900

  1. Opposition to war

  2. Domestic violence

  3. Sex discrimination

  4.Traffic crime

  5. Computer hacking

  6. Hate crimes (race/religion)
• 4 crimes that have continued since 1900

  1. Theft, burglary and shoplifting

  2. Murder

  3. Tax evasion

  4. Poaching
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the separate system

  strengths- it isolated criminals so prisons were no longer a school of crime.

  weaknesses- it was solitary confinement so people went mad or had breakdowns. It was also vey expensive because they all had separate cells.
• 4 features of the silent system

  1. Prisoners were silent at all times, breaking this meant a diet of bread and water or being whipped.

  2. Hard board- bedding that's deliberately uncomfortable.

  3. Hard fare- same menu every day.

  4. Hard labor- pointless work
• 4 features of the separate system

  1. prisoners spent nearly all their time alone.

  2. they were given religious instruction to live better lives.

  3. Prisoners would exercise but with masks on.

  4. Useful work- help find a job outside prison.
• who were the 2 prison reformers

  John Howard and Elizabeth Fry
• What role did John Howard have in prison reform

  - He inspected prisons around the country and wrote a report(The state of prisons in England and Wales) in 1777.

  - He proposed improvements like healthier accommodation, separation of prisoner, better diet, better guards.

  - This inspired the 1823 Gaols act.
• What role did Elizabeth Fry have in prison reform

  - Visited women in Newgate and found 300 women in 3 rooms.

  - highlighted poor living conditions and exploitation of women by officers.

  - She was a Quaker and encouraged others to visit prisons and set up religious instructions

  - set up a school for children and taught useful work so they could survive when released.

  - This inspired the 1823 Gaols act.
• 4 problems with prisons in the early 1900s

  1. They were schools of crime.

  2. Prison Wardens weren't paid

  3. Prisoners had to pay a fee to be released.

  4. Prisoners had to pay to see a doctor.
• 7 main changes made in the 1823 Gaols act

  1. Prisoners must have a fresh supply of water and draining.

  2. Wardens should be paid.

  3. Prisoners should have proper food

  4. Prisoners should be separated so no first time offenders with re offenders.

  5. Male and female prisoners should be separated and have specific wardens

  6. All prisoners should attend chapel and receive religious instruction

  7. Magistrates have a duty to visit local prisons to check on them.
• Why did juries refuse to convict under the bloody code?

  Juries believed the punishment was unfair for the crime, leading to criminals feeling more confident in committing crimes.
• What was the issue with public executions under the bloody code?

  Public executions were seen as a day off to celebrate, leading to large uncontrollable crowds where theft and fights occurred. This made hanging ineffective as a deterrent.
• How did changing ideas about punishments contribute to the abolition of the bloody code?

  During the age of enlightenment, people believed punishments should match the crime and that criminals could be reformed. This led to transportation becoming the main alternative in the 1780s.
• 6 reasons the Tolpuddle Martyrs were treated harshly

  1. The French revolution was fresh in the governments eyes.

  2. Government worried that unions would take over.

  3. It served as an example for others trying to stand up for workers rights.

  4. landowners didn't want to pay workers fairly as they would lose money.

  5. If the government gave into one protest they would have to give into them all.

  6. Unions would interfere with business freedom to run things how they liked.
• What was Highway robbery


  When a wealthy coach was stopped and robbed of all their jewelry and cash.
• Why did the government find it difficult to stop highway robbery (6)

  1. There was many lonely areas.

  2. No police force

  3. Guns were cheap and easy to obtain

  4. Horses were cheap to buy

  5. Pubs and taverns were easy places to hide and sell loot.

  6. Ex soldiers couldn't find work and were skilled in combat.
• Why was there a decline in highway robbery (3)

  1. Mounted patrols were set up around London

  2. JPs refused alcohol licenses to pubs who allowed highway robbers to store their loot.

  3. Population increase so lonely areas decreased

  4. Less people travelled alone

  5. Smoother roads so it was harder to stop people.
• Why were the plotters punished harshly (4)

  1. people in power were afraid of rebellion.

  2. Showed the kings authority

  3. Their body parts were sent around the UK to show the punishment if they rebelled against the king.

  4. Their heads were on spikes to rot for humiliation and a warning to others.
• Why was there a decline for witchcraft accusations (4)

  1. scientific knowledge increased and concept of chance was more influential

  2. The monarchy was less religious

  3. There was less tension in communities after the civil war

  4. Wage increased and there were more jobs- less poverty tension.
• Who was Matthew Hopkins?

  He was known as the witchfinder general.
• What was Matthew Hopkins known for?

  Accusing women of being witches to get them hanged.
• How did Matthew Hopkins contribute to the witch panic?

  He created panic over witches through prosecutions and pamphlets during 1645-1647.
• What led to the end of Matthew Hopkins' activities?

  He used torture to gain confessions, which led to authorities stopping his actions in 1646.
• How did Matthew Hopkins benefit from finding witches?

  He received money for each witch he found.
• why was there an increase in witchcraft accusations

  1. Religious beliefs said that the devil was trying to lead Christians away from God. Christianity has always portrayed women as morally weaker than men and therefore more likely to be persuaded by the devil.

  2. People had no explanations for diseases so blamed it on the devil and governments were very religious so believed it too.

  3. During the civil war people trusted each other less so there was tension in communities when the rich clamped down on the poor with laws like vagabond laws.

  4. Wages and work declined which led to more tension and most accusations were against the poor.

  5. Invention of the printing press meant many pamphlets were made telling people about witches and how to spot one so more people were consciously looking out for them.

  6. King James wrote a book (Demonologie) about witches and as king he was seen as Gods messenger on Earth so what he said was true so people believed in witchcraft
• Why was begging treated harshly as a crime

  1. Large numbers of beggars seemed to threaten society because people didn't know who was in their community.

  2. The cost of supporting beggars angered people as they didn't want to spend their own money helping them.

  3. Acts of charity weren't enough to meet the rising demand of poor people.

  4. Poor people were likely to turn to other crimes such as theft to survive.
• Why was there an increase in vagabonds

  1. Problems in cloth industry- more unemployed people.

  2. Inflation made prices rise but wages didn't so people couldn't afford to live

  3. Landowners kept sheep instead of crops so fewer workers.

  4. Closure of monasteries took away support for poor

  5. The end of wars let to soldiers being out of work with no money.

  6. Population increase put pressure on food and jobs.

  7. No national system to help unemployed or sick.
• What was the deserving poor


  sick or disabled beggars who were often given special badges to allow them to beg.
• What were sturdy beggars

  lazy people who could not be bothered to find work and these were punished harshly.
• "Community was the main influence on law and order between 1000-1500" Do you agree

  Yes- tithings, trial by juries, hue and cry

  No- religion played a big part like trial by ordeals, sanctuary, benefit of the clergy.

  No- also the king/ authority was a factor- punishments, wergild, forest/ murdrum laws
• What influence did kings have on crime and punishment in the middle ages

  1. Laws were made by the king after consulting with bishops and nobles.

  2. Kings set up tithings

  3. The level of fine for wergilds were decided by the king.
• What was the benefit of the clergy

  Anyone who could read the neck verse from the bible had the right to be tried in a church court and possibly avoid execution as they were more lenient. The church believed in mutilation as it gave people a second chance.
• What does the sanctuary show

  that religion had greater power over law and order and was very influential as not even the county sheriff could remove someone from a sanctuary
• What was a sanctuary in the middle ages

  a safe place within a church or cathedral. Once someone claimed sanctuary they were under protection of the church.
• 4 punishments in the later middle ages

  fines

  stocks and pillories

  whipping

  execution