Adopted by police with a distinctive 'working class value' to deal with the pressure to create a sense of identity
Reiner (1992) - Core Characteristics:
Cynicism
Conservatism
Macho Values
Suspicion
Racism
Black and Asian people tend to become the 'butt' of the joke and reinforces prejudice and differentiation
Skolnick (1996) argues police suffer from canteen culture whereby racist attitudes get reinforced by subcultural attitudes within the force
In the 1950s, many Afrocaribbeans migrated, yet they had the lowest crime rates. In the 1970s, conflict between police and black people increased and 'Black criminality' suddenly became a problem.
Lea and Young (1993) argue 90% of crime is reported to the police so this may reflect real offending rates.
In the 90s, Asian crime was concerning the media by 'gang-related' crime and 9/11 terrorist attacks fueled this idea about Asians, especially Muslims, that they are the 'enemy from within'.