CHAP 8

• hunter and gatherer society

  They are only dependent on the resources available in nature. Their hunting tools were made from stones, wood, bone, ivory as evident in the Paleolithic age (specifically until Mesolithic period).
• hunter and gatherer society

  The humans in this society are nomads, changing settlements from time to time, moving towards areas with abundant resources for their survival.
• shifters and farmers society

  The shift to this type of society became possible after they learned how to tame/domesticate animals and cultivate crops.
• The process of mining was also discovered by shifters and farmers society
• shifters and farmers society

  It is when they learned how to produce their own food that they started living in permanent settlements because there is no need for them to travel long distances in search for food.
• manufacturing / processing society

  Humans in this society discovered coal, gas, and oil used in cooking.
• Future man-made world

  It is where technologies are used for producing synthetic food and for recycling resources to satisfy the increasing human needs.
• Future man-made world

  In previous societies, they relied on what is available in nature and made something useful out of it. But now, we are able to create synthetic materials that are results of our scientific knowledge and creativity alone.
• Evolution of Human Society

  1. hunter and gatherer society
  2. shifters and farmers society
  3. manufacturing /processing society
  4. future man-made world
• Classification of Society proposed by Alvin Toffler
• Classification of Society proposed by Alvin Toffler
• Toffler is an American writer and futurist known for his works discussing the digital evolution, communication evolution, and technological singularit
• Alvin Toffler classified societies based on the concept of waves where each wave propels the older societies and cultures aside
• first wave society is the one that replaced hunters/gatherers after agrarian revolution.
• first wave society is the one that replaced hunters/gatherers after agrarian revolution.
• first wave society

  Basically, this society is composed of farmers. Likewise, small scale technologies were produced which came to existence through trial and error.
• second wave society

  it is similar to the manufacturing/processing society previously discussed.
• second wave society

  This society flourished during the period of industrial revolution until the end of World War II.
• second wave society

  Likewise, scientific knowledge spread across the world for the first time during this time hence the inventions produced/manufactured in this period were based on scientific advancements in the fields of physics, biology, and chemistry.
• second wave society

  This society was characterized by mass production, mass consumption, mass distribution and even production of weapons of mass destruction.
• third wave society

  characterized as a post-industrialized society after World War II.
• third wave society

  People used modern technologies such as computers, robotics, and the like to create products and even do daily life activities. This society is associated with scientific-technological evolution.
• Kinds of Technology

  1. Energy Technology
  2. Equipment Technology
  3. Information Technology
  4. Life Technology
  5. Materials Technology
• Energy Technology - As technology advances, our energy source options also increased. We can now generate energy from wind, from solar panels, hydrothermal vents, and even waste products of animals (this is what we call biogas). The goal of experts in this field is to generate, convert, and distribute energy without causing negative effects to humans and the environment.
• Equipment Technology - This include design and fabrication of different instruments, tools, gadgets, and machines that aim to create another product. It is more of tools for manufacturing such as laser, robots, spinning wheel, and different types of motors.
• Information Technology - This type of technology includes tools and gadgets used to manage, process, and distribute information. I bet you are all familiar with these kinds of technology.
• Life Technology - This technology as its name implies is made for preservation, maintenance, treatment, and reproduction of living things. Common examples are genetic engineering, vaccines, antibiotic, organ transplant, surgery, and herbal medicine.
• Materials Technology - This technology is involved in extraction, fabrication, and synthesis of materials specifically for the benefit of mankind. Examples are mostly raw materials or those simple things needed in day to day activities such as iron brass, porcelain, ceramics, and plastics.
• Substitution is the process wherein technologies which may have been used for a very long time already are replaced by the new and better version especially with respect to performance and functionality.
• Substitution occurs rapidly in this modern age of technology because if we are not satisfied, we tend to ask for more.
• diffusion is referred to as the process by which an innovation is communicated through various channels and subsequently adopted over time among members of a society.
• Some cultures tend to adopt new products more quickly than others, based on several factors:

  1. Modernity
  2. Homophily
  3. Physical distance
  4. Opinion leadership
• Modernity

  The extent to which the culture is receptive to new things. In some countries, such as Britain and Saudi Arabia, tradition is greatly valued—thus, new products often don’t fare too well. The United States, in contrast, tends to value progress.
• Homophily

  The more similar to each other that members of a culture are, the more likely an innovation is to spread—people are more likely to imitate similar than different models. The two most rapidly adopting countries in the World are the U.S. and Japan. While the U.S. interestingly scores very low, Japan scores high
• Physical distance

  The greater the distance between people, the less likely innovation is to spread.
• Opinion leadership

  The more opinion leaders are valued and respected, the more likely an innovation is to spread. The style of opinion leaders moderates this influence, however. In less innovative countries, opinion leaders tend to be more conservative, i.e., to reflect the local norms of resistance.
• Science and technology are instruments of a country’s rapid development and economic stability
• National Development Indicators

  1. GDP or gross domestic product
  2. Per Capita Income
  3. Income Distribution
  4. Gross National Product
  5. Employment Rate
  6. Structure of Labor Force
  7. Human Life Expectancy
  8. Percentage of Urban Population
• GDP or gross domestic product - it measures the income or the expenditures WITHIN the country. It represents the money spent by consumers in buying goods, the income from business establishments as well as government investments. Simply put, it represents the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country in a year. This does not include remittances from OFWs since it was generated overseas.
• Per Capita Income – it is the average income earned by a person in a particular city, region, or country. It is one way of measuring the economic status and the quality of life in different areas. This data is acquired through census by the Philippine Statistics Authority.