Epi

    Cards (38)

    • Schistosoma haematobium eggs
      Found in urine, can determine egg viability
    • Taenia solium
      Pork tapeworm
    • Trichinella spiralis
      Can be acquired from ingestion of raw or poorly cooked pork
    • Echinococcus granulosis
      Adult tapeworm found in intestine of dogs, hydatid cysts found in sheep or humans
    • Taenia solium
      Humans can serve as definitive and/or intermediate host
    • Ascaris lumbricoides eggs require a period of development in the soil before they are infective for humans
    • Echinococcus granulosus
      Causes cystic hydatid disease, humans are accidental intermediate host
    • Enterobius vermicularis, the pinworm, may be the most common parasitic infection throughout the world
    • Trematodes
      • Have a freshwater snail in the life cycle
    • Urinary Schistosomiasis
      Transmitted by Bulinus species of mollusk
    • Control of Schistosomiasis
      Treating water sources with molluscicides reduces mollusc nesting, helping stop the spread of infection
    • Worm infections
      Human diseases caused by platyhelminthes (flatworms) or nematodes (roundworms)
    • Most important human worm infections
      • Schistosomiasis
      • Taeniasis
      • Cysticercosis
      • Ascariasis
      • Ancylostomiasis (hookworm infection)
    • Ecological control methods for bilharzia
      • Stocking ducks and fish which eat the snails
    • Enterobius vermicularis
      Helminthic parasite whose mode of transmission is by air, causes enterobiasis
    • Reason for higher prevalence of helminth infections in developing countries
      Lack of plumbing systems leads to exposure to human feces
    • Schistosomiasis
      Worm infection caused by schistosomes, a species of flatworms
    • Schistosomes
      Dioecious, have separated sexes (male and female individuals)
    • Types of trematoda (flukes)
      • Urinary bilharzias (Schistosoma haematobium)
      • Intestinal bilharzias (Schistosoma mansoni)
    • Bilharzia infection

      Also known as Swimmers itch
    • Intestinal bilharzias (Schistosoma mansoni)
      Presents with blood and mucus in the stool of an infected person
    • Differentiation between urinary and intestinal bilharzias
      Urinary bilharzias have terminal spine, intestinal bilharzia has lateral spine
    • Intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni
      Gastropod mollusc (snail) living in freshwater
    • Progression of schistosomiasis disease
      Cercarial rash, bronchial cough, lassitude, frequent urination, blood and mucus in stool, abdominal pain, splenic and liver enlargement, bladder scarring, malignant tumors, heart failure, blindness, CNS complications, death
    • Ascaris lumbricoides
      Common roundworm
    • Symptoms of Ascaris lumbricoides infection

      • Vague abdominal discomfort
      • Acute pains
      • Vomiting
      • Diarrhea
      • Intestinal obstruction, death in heavy infestations
    • Control measures for Ascaris lumbricoides
      • Sanitary disposal of faeces
      • Safe water supply
      • Thorough washing of raw foods
      • Education on hand washing and not eating dropped food
    • Control measures for Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

      • Sanitary disposal of human excrement
      • Hand washing after toilet and before food preparation
      • Nail cleaning and care
      • Reduction in overcrowding
      • Laundry in hot water
      • Early detection and treatment
      • Discouraging eating of sand
    • Hookworms
      Have mouthparts with hooks or "teeth" to facilitate fixation in intestine and blood feeding
    • Taenias
      Platyhelminth animals (flatworms), cause taeniasis and cysticercosis
    • Main species of taenias causing human disease
      • Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
      • Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
    • Difference between Taenia solium and Taenia saginata
      Taenia solium has pigs as intermediate host, Taenia saginata has cattle
    • Taenia solium
      Humans are primary host, pigs are secondary/intermediate host
    • Life cycle of Taenia solium
      Tapeworm cyst in pig muscle eaten by man, cyst evaginates and attaches to intestine, self-fertilization, ripe segments detached and passed in feces, pig eats feces containing segments, larval forms released and migrate to pig muscles, man eats uninspected pork and becomes infected
    • Taenia ovis
      Intermediate host is sheep, definitive host is dog
    • Hydatid cysts
      Definitive host is dog, commonly affect liver, lungs, kidney, heart, bone, CNS, thyroid in humans
    • Control measures for hydatid cysts
      • Limit dog numbers and contact with pastureland
      • Regular deworming of dogs
      • Meat inspection
      • Thorough cooking of viscera before feeding to dogs
      • Health education
    • Cysticercus ovis = Taenia ovis tapeworm in dogs, Cysticercus cellulosae = Taenia solium tapeworm in humans, Cysticercus bovis = Taenia saginata tapeworm in humans