The body in motion (PDHPE)

• what is the skeletal system

  The frame that protects your internal organs and which your muscles and skin surround
• how is the skeletal system connected?

  • Held together by ligaments and joints between two or more bones, providing you with mobility
• Sections of the skeleton

  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
• There are 206 bones in the human body
• Physiology


  The study of how the body works and the various functions of body parts
• Anatomy


  The study of body structure and the relationship between body structures
• Anatomical terms


  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior (ventral)
  • Posterior (dorsal)
  • Lateral
  • Medial
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Supine
  • Prone
• Planes of the body

  • Transverse
  • Frontal
  • Sagittal
• Transverse plane


  • Divides the body into top and bottom
• Frontal plane


  • Divides the body into front and back
• Sagittal plane


  • Divides the body into left and right
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Blood cell production
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Storage of energy
• Types of bones


  • Flat
  • Long
  • Irregular
  • Short
  • Sesamoid
• Bones of the axial skeleton

  • Cranium
  • Mandible
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Vertebral column
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
• Bones of the appendicular skeleton

  • Upper limbs: Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

  Lower limbs: Pelvis, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
• Synovial joints


  Freely moveable, with a joint cavity
• Types of joints


  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
• What keeps our joints together

  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Articular cartilage
  • Synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid


  Acts as a lubricant, keeping the joint well-oiled and the moving surfaces apart
• Hyaline cartilage

  Smooth, shiny cartilage covers the synovial fluid and allows the bones to move freely over each other
• Types of synovial joints

  • Ball and socket
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Gliding
• Joint actions


  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction
  • Pronation
  • Supination
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantarflexion
  • Elevation
  • Depression
• Major muscles involved in movement

  • Deltoid
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Biceps brachii
  • Trapezius
  • Triceps
  • Pectorals
  • Erector spinae (sacrospinalis)
  • External obliques
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Hamstrings
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Quadriceps
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Soleus
• Agonist


  The muscle causing the major action, the main muscle
• Antagonist


  A muscle that must relax and lengthen to allow the agonist to contract, helping to control an action
• Stabiliser


  Muscles that act at a joint to stabilise it, giving the muscles a fixed base
• Types of muscle contraction

  • Concentric
  • Eccentric
  • Isometric
• Quadriceps


  • Iliac crest, femur
  • Tibia (proximal end), patella
  • Flexion of hip, extentuon of lower leg
• Gastrocnemius


  • Femur (distal end)
  • Hell bone (posterior)
  • Knee flexion, plantar flexion of foot
• Tibialis anterior


  • Tibia
  • Ankle, tarsal, metatarsal
  • Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
• Soleus


  • Tibia and fibula
  • Heel bone (posterior)
  • Plantar flexion of foot
• Agonist


  The muscle causing the major action. There are agonists for all moveable joints and usually more than one is involved in a particular joint movement. (main muscle)
• Antagonist


  A muscle that must relax and lengthen to allow the agonist to contract, this helping to control an action. The two roles of the agonist and antagonist are interchangeable depending on the direction of the movement.
• Stabiliser


  Stabiliser or fixator muscles act at a joint to stabilise it, giving the muscles a fixed base. The muscle shortens very little during its contraction, causing minimal movement. This permits the action to be carried out correctly and allows other joints to work more effectively.
• Isometric


  Contractions in which there is no change in the length of the muscle.
• Concentric


  The muscle tension rises to meet the resistance, then remains stable as the muscle shortens.
• Eccentric


  Focuses on the movements, or phases or a movement, that lengthens the muscles.
• Respiratory system


  • Structure and function
  • Lung function (inspiration, expiration)
  • Exchange of gases (internal, external)
• Tidal volume


  How much air in one breath
• Respiratory frequency


  Breaths taken in a minute