Lesson 1: Bacteria

• Archaea are Single-celled microorganisms that are similar to bacteria but have distinct biochemical and genetic characteristics
• Archaea Can be found in extreme environments such as hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and salt flats
• Bacteria are Single-celled organisms that can be found in various environments, can have different shapes and sizes, and play important roles in ecosystems
• Bacteria Are prokaryotic organisms, meaning they lack a membrane-bound nucleus
• Binary fission are A form of asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
• Binary fission Is a common method of reproduction in prokaryotes, such as bacteria
• Endospores Dormant, highly resistant structures formed by some bacteria to survive harsh conditions, containing all necessary genetic material and surrounded by a tough protective coat
• Endospores Are formed when bacteria encounter unfavorable conditions like extreme temperatures or nutrient deprivation
• Eukaryotic Organisms characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotic organism Are generally larger in size than prokaryotic cells
• Halophiles Microorganisms that thrive in environments with high salt concentrations, such as salty lakes or salt mines
• Halophiles Have unique adaptations to prevent dehydration in high-salt environments
• Methanogens are A group of microorganisms that produce methane gas as a byproduct of their metabolism
• Methanogens Are anaerobic, meaning they can survive and thrive in environments without oxygen
• Photosynthetic bacteria Microorganisms capable of converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis, playing a crucial role in ecosystems by producing oxygen as a byproduct
• Pili are a Hair-like structures found on the surface of some bacteria that are involved in processes such as bacterial adhesion and DNA transfer
• Pili Are made up of protein subunits called pilins
• Plasmid are A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently
• Plasmids Are often found in bacteria and can carry genes like antibiotic resistance genes
• Prokaryotic are Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Prokaryotes Include bacteria and archaea, and are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
• Thermoacidophiles Microorganisms that thrive in extreme conditions of high temperature and acidity, often found in volcanic hot springs and acid mine drainage sites
• Thermoacidophiles Possess unique enzymes that are stable in both high temperatures and acidic environments
• Archae have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan and have unique lipids in their cell membranes
• Archaea play important roles in biogeochemical cycles, such as methane production and nitrogen fixation
• prokaryotes Have a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region
• Prokaryotes Reproduce asexually through binary fission
• Plasmids Can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation
• plasmids Play a vital role in genetic engineering, as their ability to multiply independently makes them valuable in recombinant DNA technology
• prokaryotes genes are found on a large, circular chromosomes in an area of the cell called nucleoid.
• The three main shapes of prokaryotes are cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped).
• • Antibiotics are commonly used to treat bacterial infections by targeting and killing bacteria without harming human cells
• binary fission Involves the replication of the cell's DNA followed by the division of the cytoplasm
• in binary fission the cell divides into two genetically identical cells.