GEN BIO

• alcoholic fermentation -A type of anaerobic respiration in which glycolysis is followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethanol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.
• lactic acid fermentation -A type of anaerobic respiration in which glycolysis is followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide.
• cellular respiration -The process in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy to be stored in ATP, producing by-products such as carbon dioxide and water.
• ATP synthase -A protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that functions in chemiosmosis to generate ATP.
• fermentation -A metabolic process that makes limited amount of ATP from glucose without an ETC and produces end product such as ethanol or lactic acid.
• acetyl coenzyme-A -The molecule which enters Krebs cycle in cellular respiration, formed from pyruvate oxidation.
• aerobic respiration -A catabolic pathway which uses OXYGEN the final electron acceptor in ETC and ultimately producing ATP.
• reduction -The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a REDOX reaction. / Gain of electrons.
• NADH+ -The oxidized form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, a coenzyme that could accept electrons becoming NADH.
• electron transport chain -A series of 4 protein complexes that uses redox reactions, creating a hydrogen proton gradient that leads to production of ATP.
• glycolysis -A series of reaction which ultimately splits glucose into two 3-Carbon molecule.
• oxidation -The complete or partial transfer of electrons to a substance involved in a REDOX reaction. / Loss of electrons
• phosphorylation -The attachment or transfer of phosphate group to a molecule of ion.
• oxidative phosphorylation -The production of ATP using the energy derived from REDOX reactions in ETC (hydrogen proton-gradient).
• chemiosmosis -The movement of ions such as Hydrogen protons across the membrane and down to its concentration gradient. This is what ATP synthase also utilize to produce ATP.
• Carbon dioxide gas is produced from pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle.
• Glycolysis could proceed even in the absence of Oxygen.
• oxygen -The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
• oxidative phosphorylation -Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is through _____.
• H+ -the most important ion in ATP production?
• oxygen -is directly produced from Oxygen molecules after electron transport chain?
• glycolysis -the first metabolic pathway of aerobic cellular respiration?
• glycolysis -The metabolic pathway which is common to both fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration is ____.
• Citric Acid Cycle  -Most Carbon dioxide released during cellular respiration is removed during _____.
• Carbon dioxide  -Bread baking involves fermentation. It uses yeasts to perform alcoholic fermentation and the gas released is what makes the dough rises. What gas is being released during this process?
• 6 NADH -How many molecules of NADH are produced from 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA that enter the citric acid cycle?
• Oxaloacetate -What molecule is being regenerated at the end of citric acid cycle?
• Potential energy -The energy possessed by object due to its position or structure is called _____.
• chemical energy -The energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose is called Answer
• Cellular respiration is a catabolic phase of metabolism that involves the breakdown of glucose into chemical energy of ATP. In this process, carbon dioxide and water are released by the cell as waste products. 
• anaerobic respiration. This type of respiration releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen
• Organisms that extract energy through  anaerobic respiration are called anaerobes.
• ENERGY -is the ability to do work and cause change.
• Law of Conservation of Energy:

  Energy is neither created nor destroyed. It can only be transferred of transformed from one form to another.
• Two types of energy:

  • potential energy :chemical energy, nuclear energy, gravitational energy, elastic energy
  • kinetic energy : mechanical energy, thermal energy, sound energy, electrical energy, light energy
• POTENTIAL ENERGY

  * Energy that matter possesses due to its POSITION or STRUCTURE.

  • Stored energy/energy at rest
• chemical potential energy -The energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance
• • All matter has energy because they are made of molecules.
• • Bond breaking - releases energy
  • Bond forming - absorbs energy
• • Food contains a lot of CHEMICAL energy.