geog paper 2a

• urbanisation


  the process whereby an increasing proportion of a population move to live in towns and cities compared to rural areas resulting in their growth
• megacity


  a world city with a population over 10 million
• net migration


  when there are more people moving into an urban area than there are moving out
• natural increase


  when the birth rate in an area exceeds the death rate. The greater the difference between the two the faster the rate of natural increase.
• social challenge + solution/opportunity in Rio

  Poor health care - only 60% of pregnant women in cidade de deus receive medical care therefore the infant mortality rate is extremely high at 21 per 1000 - this is a direct cause of lack of transport so to tackle this in some areas medical staff deliver medical aid directly to peoples home (small scale)
• social challenge + solution/opportunity in Rio


  Poor education - education is only compulsory up until the age of 14 in Rio therefore only half of all children continue their education past the age of 14, many drop out to get involved in illegal activities such as drug trafficking - local authorities encourage local people to volunteer in schools as a result more children can be educated however the standard of this education will be poorer. economic aid in the form of grants is also given to families to help meet the cost of keeping their children in school/
• economic challenge + solution/opportunity in Rio


  unemployment - in favellas unemployment rates can be as high as 20% with most people working in the informal economy where jobs are poorly paid, irregular and untaxed - schools for tomorrow scheme launched in 2009 aimed to improve education and successfully reduced school drop out rates by 40%
• economic challenge + solution/opportunity in Rio


  Crime - over 750 favellas across Rio are controlled by drug gangs such as the red command - to combat this pacifying police units were established to reclaim control over Rio's favellas.
• environmental challenge + solution/opportunity in Rio


  air pollution - estimated to cause 5000 deaths each year in Rio - reduction in congestion via making toll roads to reduce traffic near the city center
• environmental challenge + solution/opportunity in Rio


  water pollution - 200 tonnes of sewage pours into bays everyday - 12 new sewage works have been built to combat this issue
• urban planning strategy - Favella Bairro project

  training schemes are provided to help people learn new skills - this has been effective as it allows residents to find better jobs as they are better skilled, thus enabling them to earn more money to improve their quality of life
• urban planning strategy - Favella Bairro project

  provision of basic services such as clean water, electricity and weekly rubbish collection - effective in reducing spread of disease and thus seen improvements to quality of life
• urban planning strategy - Favella Bairro project

  the project had a budget of 1 billion USD - this isn't enough to cover all favellas so many still lack economic growth and access to basic services therefore the improvements to quality of life have not been uniform.
• primary sector


  obtaining or producing raw materials
• secondary sector


  manufacturing industry, converting raw materials into products
• tertiary industry


  the provision of services
• quaternary industry


  the knowledge economy, information services
• temple quarter enterprise zone - key information

  launched in 2012, covers 130 hectors, 25 year regeneration scheme, aims to develop brownfield sites, aims to create 10,000 new homes and 22,000 new jobs, aims to bring 1.6 billion pounds in annual income to bristol
• temple quarter enterprise zone - benefits

  Helps to battle housing crisis - 10,000 new home
• temple quarter enterprise zone - benefits

  offers job opportunities - 22,000 new jobs
• temple quarter enterprise zone - benefits

  brings significant economic benefits - 1.6 billion pounds in annual income to Bristol.
• economic opportunities in Bristol

  aerospace industry - 14 of the 15 main global aircraft companies operate in Bristol - allows rapid growth in Bristol's economy and creates high value jobs
• economic opportunities in Bristol

  creative industry - Bristol built their economy on creative media, technology and electronics - creates enjoyable high paid jobs encouraging economic growth
• social opportunities in Bristol

  cabbot circus - shops and leisure facilities such as offices, cinema, hotel and 250 apartments - improves quality of life as it offers safe was to indulge in recreational activities
• social opportunities in Bristol

  harbourside - former workshops converted into bars, nightclubs and cultural venues - widens opportunities for people to improve their social life
• environmental opportunities in Bristol

  urban greening - 8 nature reserves and 400 parks - creates environmental benefits such as wildlife corridors and increased biodiversity
• environmental opportunities in Bristol

  integrated transport system - creates different methods of transport reducing numbers of cars on the road - decreasing air pollution
• social challenge in Bristol

  some areas such as Filwood experience higher levels of crime and social housing compared to others such as Clifton - this creates a gap in quality of life between different areas within Bristol (social inequality) and attracts low income migrants