Component 3

• Rapid/unplanned change


  random change, likely due to external factors cut as a pandemic or natural disaster - firms should have contingency plans in place for this
• Incremental change 


  planned internal change, enabling mangers to anticipate the impacts and minimise effects
• Disruptive change


  occurs when an industry undergoes radical change and so modifies how all firms operate
• Kotter and Schlesinger - why do people resist change?

  1. S elf interest
  2. F ear and M isunderstanding
  3. D ifferent opinions and assessments
  4. P reference
• Kotter and Schlesinger - dealing with resistance to change

  1. E ducation and C ommunication
  2. P articipation and I nvolvement
  3. F acilitation and S upport
  4. C o-option and M aniupulation
  5. N egotiation and B argaining
  6. E xplicit and I mplicit C oersion
• Lewin’s 3 Step Process

  1. Unfreeze ~ plan for change
  2. Change ~ undergo change
  3. Refreeze ~ maintain and workout change
• Storey’s approaches to change

  • Total Imposed Package
  • Imposed Piecemeal Incentives
  • Negotiated Imposed Package
  • Negotiated Piecemeal Incentives
• Leadership Theory

  • Wright and Taylor ~ you must learn the necessary skills to become a good leader
  • Fiedler ~ there is no best leader or leadership style, it should be an efficient response to situations
  • McGregor - Theory X and Y ~ X believes employees are lazy and only motivated by money, Y thinks employees are independent and seek growth