culture bias

• What must psychology address to fulfill its aspiration of explaining human thinking and behaviour?

  Diversity
• Where is most psychological research held?

  US, UK
• What is ethnocentrism?


  Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of one's own cultural or ethnic group, often leading to the evaluation of other cultures based on one's own standards. It can result in prejudice, discrimination, and the inability to understand or appreciate other cultures.
• What studies attempt to reduce cultural bias?

  Cross-cultural studies
• What is cultural relativism?


  The belief that all cultural practices and beliefs should be understood and evaluated within their own cultural context.
• What is cultural bias?


  The tendency for research to be influenced by cultural values/beliefs/norms of a culture.
• Nobles


  Argued Western psychology is a tool of oppression and dominance.
• What does emic and etic mean?

  Emic approach refers to the investigation of a culture from within the culture

  Etic approach looks at behaviour from the outside of a given culture and attempts to find trends that can be generalised
• Henrich et al (2010)


  reviewed hundreds of studies in leading Psychology journals and found 68% of ps came from USA and 96% from industrialised nations.
• What is an example of an etic approach?

  Ainsworth's strange situation - she only used American children and assumed the attachment types could be applied universally
• Smith & Bond (1993) 


  highlighted how differences were seen between collectivist and individualist cultures when performing Asch-type experiments on conformity.
• Ekman


  found that basic facial expressions for emotions are the same all over the world