Stuarts 1.7

• What were the strenghts of richard cromwells position as protector (3) - Initial succession was smooth so no power struggle developed - Royalists viewed succession as a disaster for charles plan to reclaim the throne - Richard cromwell was a civilian not an army man, many thought it was a opportunity to civilianise
• Why did many want to civilianise government - Popular in political nation as it would reduce the size of the NMA and this would reduce taxes
• Weakenesses of Richard Cromwells position as Lord Protector (3) - He did not have authority over the army which oliver had, lacking his fathers biggest strength in maintaining the regime - Took little direct interest in matters of faith, not aligning himself with any major religious groups - Had few natural allies as he was not involved in politics before, lacking a power base
• Describe richard cromwell as lord protector - Regime got off to a positive start as he managed to reassure the competing factions - New model army faction and civilian faction
• Describe the new model army faction under richard cromwells protectorship (3) - Composed of the likes of General fleetwood and lambert - Aim was to maintain political influence of the army - Richard tried to win them over by appointing fleetwood lieutenant general and pledged to clear army arrears
• Describe the civilian faction under Richard Cromwells protectorship (2) - Composed of the likes of John Thurloe and General Monck - Generally wanted to reduce the army's influence over the army
• What were the two primary reasons for Richards retiring - Lack of army support - Lost support of republicans in parliament
• Describe lack of army support as a reason for richards retiring (3) - Parliament were able to civilianise government under richard - Parliament had attempted to abolish other house made up of grandees in 1659 - Parliament tried to impeach former Major general boteler, army forced richard to dissolve the third protectorate parliament, with richard realising her was being treated like a puppet
• Describe the loss of support of the republicans within parliament as a reason for richard retiring (3) - Believed the good old cause was being abandoned - Accused protectorate of restoring monarchical tyranny, believing the lord protector held too many powers - Radicals and the army worked together to re-establish the new rump following his retirement, this excluded pro cromwellians
• When did richard cromwell retire - 7th May 1659, formally announced on the 25th
• key players in the restoration of charles (4) - The role of the army - Role of General monck - Role of Charles - Role of the convention parliament
• Describe the role of the army in the restoration (3) - The army recalled parliament on the 7th may 1659 - General Booths August 1659 Uprising - Through 1659 the army lost authority over the population
• Describe the recalling of the rump parliament in may 1659 in terms of the armys role in the restoration (3) - Rump recalled immediatley after the resignation of richard, John lambert then presented the humble petition and address of the officers which was a new constitution suggesting the creation of an army controlled senate in a republic - caused divisions between civilian and military faction - The rump expelled 10 army grandees from the parliament on 12th october 1659, like lambert and replaced them with civilian faction members like fleetwood and Haselrig - On the 13th October lambert the...
• Describe the loss of armies control after dissolving the rump in terms of the armys role in the restoration (2) - London was verging on anarchy with violent riots and wealthy fleeing, many stopped paying taxes - Soldiers were not being paid so many joined the rioting contributing to the armies role in the restoration, this weakened the armies authority over the population
• Describe general monck himself (3) - Initially a royalist who spent 2 years in the Tower of London - He served 2 years in New model army under Cromwell in Ireland - The became a firm supporter of parliamentary cause in opposition to the army, believing the military should be under command of a civilian government not vice versa
• Describe Moncks role in the restoration (3) - December 1659 Monck advances the scottish branch of the New model army to England to confront English new model army, this divided the NMA into scottish NMA or Lamberts NMA - he reached london on the 3rd February 1660 and restored parliament including those excluded in the rump - He then sent an agent to charles II to deliver advice
• What was general moncks advantages by January 1660 (3) - NMA had lost authority and was losing soldiers due to rioting in London, he on the other hand had 10,000 loyal soldiers, as he purged those soldiers who were doubted their own loyalty - Thomas fairfax returned from retirement and fought alongside monck - Lamberts soldiers were poorly paid and didnt fight well, as a result lambert was imprisoned - He kept his aims ambiguous which allowed him to attract support from a broad population
• What was the impact of general monck sending the advice to Charles Arguably made the restoration possible in its entirety
• What advice did Monck send to Charles II (2) - Leave the spanish netherlands to distance himself from catholicism in preparaion for restoration - Issue a declaration calling for a moderate settlement
• What was the Role of Charles in the restoration - Declaration of Breda - 4th April 1660 - Organised a series of uprisings in the summer of 1659, but Booths was the only one to break out, suggesting the population was weary about his return
• Describe the declaration of Breda terms in terms of charles' role in the restoration (4) - Reassurances for those who fought against charles I, but those who were directly involved in regicide would be punished - Promises to be a parliamentary moncarch and restore balance between crown and parliament - Promises religious freedoms and reaffirmed his protestant faith - Promise to pay the army in arrears - None of this happened and charles actually clamps down on religion in the clarendon code of 1661, hence this was a clever piece of political writing
• Describe the convention parliaments origins in terms of the role of the convention parliament in the restoration (2) - After monck restored the long parliament it agreed to dissolve itself in favour of elelctions on the 16th March 1660 - Known as the convention parliament
• What was the convention parliaments role in the restoration [formed after dissolution of rump on 16th march, in april 1660] (2) - Made up of 100 former cavaliers as MP's swaying in favour of restoration - On 8th May 1660 the house agreed to the declaration of Breda, allowing charles to become king essentially on pre-1641 reforms
• Describe Charles II restoration (2) - Coronated on 8th May 1660 - became king on the terms of pre-civil war 1641 reforms
• Three factors to judge the reaction to charles II restoration - parliament - religion - general population
• Describe parliaments reaction to the restoration (2) - Charles was popular in convention parliament - had accepted declaration with no revisions - After convention parliament was dissolved new elections were held to form cavalier parliament in may 1660 - this was overwhelmingly royalist in nature and lasted for 18 years under charles II
• Describe the Positive reaction to charles restoration in terms of religion (2) - Many were satisfied with charles being a moderate anglican and allowing a degree of freedom under liberty of conscience, in declaration - Upon restoration puritanical restrictions were stopped and sabbatarianism was stopped
• Describe the negative reaction to charles restoration in terms of religion (2) - 1661 Pro Anglican parliament reintroduced old anglican church under the Clarendon code restroing episcopal system and compolsory church attendance, this did repress dissenters, but many (especially those who fought against charles I) were let down by this - venners uprising in 1661
• Describe venners uprising in terms of negative religious reaction to charles' restoration (3) - Venner was a fifth monarhcist who broke into ST pauls cathedral with 50 armed followers and proclaimed christ as king - They challenged passers by to declare their allegiance to christ, those who declared allegiance to charles II were shot by the uprisors - Eventually was crushed and perpetrators hanged
• Describe the reaction to charles restoration in terms of general population (3) - Greeted by a celebratory atmosphere with thousands lining the streets to watch him enter on the 29th may 1660 - Samuel Pepys a famous diarist wrote about the Public acts of celebration with significant amount of alcohol sold and consumed and the general 'merry mood' about the kings return - Many thought restoration enabled avoidance of another civil war and marked a new era of stability
• Describe the influence of the clarendon code in terms of religious reaction to the restoration (2 points and the names and dates of 2 acts) - It polarised religions of britain - Corporation Act of 1661 excluded nonconformists from public office by formally rejecting solemn league and covenant of 1643 - Act of uniformity - 1662 - Made book of common prayer compulsory in religious service - this let down many of the population that fought against charles I and what he stood for
• Describe General Booths Uprising in terms of the role of the army in the restoration (2) - Royalist uprising by general booth started in august 1659 composed of a 4000 person militia, Lambert was able to crush it, yet he struggled to raise an army of any size above 4500 men - This was one of the factors as to how lambert was not able to stop moncks uprising