Epigenetics

    Cards (23)

    • Epigenetics
      Changes in gene function, without changes to the base sequence of DNA
    • Epigenome
      All of the chemical modifications to all histone proteins and DNA (except base changes) in an organism
    • Histones
      • Proteins that DNA is wrapped around in eukaryotic cells
    • Acetylation
      Addition of acetyl groups (COCH3) to lysine amino acids on histone proteins
    • Acetylation of histones
      Reduces the tight wrapping of DNA around histones, stimulating gene expression
    • Deacetylation
      Removal of acetyl groups from lysine, increasing the tight wrapping of DNA around histones, inhibiting transcription
    • Methylation
      Addition of methyl groups (CH3) to cytosine bases in DNA, suppressing transcription of the affected gene
    • The epigenome, like the genome, is heritable but can undergo change
    • Identical twins become more distinguishable with age because their epigenomes change independently, despite having the same DNA
    • Changes to the epigenome are caused by changes in the environment, such as smoking, stress, exercise and diet
    • Internal signalling from the body's own cells can also cause epigenetic modifications
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    • Biological Molecules
      • 1.1 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates
      • 1.2 Biological Molecules: Lipids
      • 1.3 Biological Molecules: Proteins
      • 1.4 Proteins: Enzymes
      • 1.5 Nucleic Acids: Structure & DNA Replication
      • 1.6 ATP, Water & Inorganic Ions
    • Cell Structure
      • 2.1 Cell Structure
      • 2.2 The Microscope in Cell Studies
      • 2.3 Cell Division in Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells
      • 2.4 Cell Membranes & Transport
      • 2.5 Cell Recognition & the Immune System
      • 2.6 Vaccines, Disease & Monoclonal Antibodies
    • Exchange & Transport
      • 3.1 Adaptations for Gas Exchange
      • 3.2 Human Gas Exchange
      • 3.3 Digestion & Absorption
      • 3.4 Mass Transport in Animals
      • 3.5 The Circulatory System in Animals
      • 3.6 Mass Transport in Plants
    • Genetics, Variation & Interdependence
      • 4.1 DNA, Genes & Chromosomes
      • 4.2 DNA & Protein Synthesis
      • 4.3 Genetic Diversity: Mutations & Meiosis
      • 4.4 Genetic Diversity & Adaptation
      • 4.5 Species & Taxonomy
      • 4.6 Biodiversity
    • Energy Transfers In & Between Organisms (A Level only)

      • 5.1 Photosynthesis (A Level only)
      • 5.2 Respiration (A Level only)
      • 5.3 Energy & Ecosystems (A Level only)
      • 5.4 Nutrient Cycles (A Level only)
    • Organisms Respond to Changes in their Environments (A Level only)
      • 6.1 Response to Stimuli (A Level only)
      • 6.2 Nervous Coordination (A Level only)
      • 6.3 Skeletal Muscles (A Level only)
      • 6.4 Homeostasis (A Level only)
    • Genetics, Populations, Evolution & Ecosystems (A Level only)
      • 7.1 Inheritance (A Level only)
      • 7.2 Populations (A Level only)
      • 7.3 Evolution (A Level only)
      • 7.4 Populations in Ecosystems (A Level only)
    • The Control of Gene Expression (A Level only)
      • 8.1 Genetic Mutations (A Level only)
      • 8.2 Regulation of Gene Expression (A Level only)
      • 8.3 Using Genome Projects (A Level only)
      • 8.4 Gene Technologies (A Level only)
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