CHAPTER 8

• Resin - is applied to more or less solid, amorphous products of complex chemical nature.
• Resin - are usually formed in schizogenous ducts or cavities and are end product of metabolism.
• Resins - in physical/solid form, they arehard, transparent or translucent and upon heating it soften and finally melt
• Resins - When Heated: Chemically, are complex

  mixtures of:

  ▪ Resin acids

  ▪ Resin alcohols (Resinols)

  ▪ Resin phenols (Resinotannols)

  ▪ Esters

  ▪ Resenes
• Resenes - these are chemically inert compounds
• Resins - are insoluble in water, and usually insoluble in petroleum spirit. But they are soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ethers.
• resins - Some investigators believe, they are formed by an oxidation products of Terpenes.
• Several Resins: used in Pharmacy and in

  Art: Rosin, Guaiac, Mastic
• resins - When separated and purified, they are

  usually brittle, amorphous solid that fuse ( break easily) readily when heated, after passing through a

  preliminary stage of softening.
• resins- insoluble in water but dissolve in alcohol or other organics solvents.
• varnish-like film - formed through evaporation from the resins
• Resins - Burn with characteristic, smoky flame.
• Volatile oils – Oleoresins

  • Copaiba
  • Mastic
  • Capsicum
  • Ginger

  Turpentine
• Gums – Gum-Resins

  • Gamboge
• Oil and Gums – Oleo-gum resins

  • Myrrh
  • Asafoetida
  • Olibanum
• Gums - are water-soluble carbohydrate derivatives,

  they can be separated from oleoresins rather easily.
• Balsams - Are resinous mixtures that contain:

  • cinnamic acid
  • benzoic acid or both
  • esters of these acids (Typical Balsams)
• Typical Balsams

  • Balsam of Peru
  • Balsam of Tolu
  • Storax
• The term Balsam has been erroneously applied to

  some oleoresins (balsam of copaiba). This error

  has been occasionally led to some confusion
• Glycosidal combination– Glucoresins/Glycoresins

  • Ipomea
  • Jalap
  • Phodophyllum
• Latex - Differ from a resin or resin combination, and are obtained from the plant in a similar manner and

  they be studied together with them.
• Latex - a natural product of variable composition and of milky consistency making up the cytoplasm of special plant tissues consisting of laticiferous cells or vessels.
• Latex - the milky appearance is due to the colloidal

  suspension of small particles in a liquid dispersion

  medium with a very different refractive index.
• Resin acids -these contain a large proportion of oxyacids, usually combining the properties of

  carboxylic acid and phenols.
• Resin acids - Are soluble aqueous solutions of the alkalies usually soap like solutions or colloidal

  suspensions.
• Resin acids - Their metallic salts are known as Resinates
• EXAMPLES OF RESIN ACIDS

  ▪ Abietic acid – found in Rosin or Colophony

  ▪ Copaibic and Oxycopaibic acid – Copaiba

  ▪ Guaiaconic acid – Guaiac

  ▪ Commiphoric acid – present in Myrrh, a resin obtained from commiphora species

  ▪ Aleuritic acid – derived from Shellac

  ▪ Sandaracolic acid – found in Sandarac, a resin obtained from…

  ▪ Primaric acid – found in Burgundy pitch and Frankincene resins
• Resin alcohols - Are complex alcohols of high molecular weight
• Types of resin alcohols:

  1. resinols
  2. resinotannols
• Resinols - do not give such a reaction w/ iron salts
• Resinnotannols - gives a tannin reaction with

  iron salts
• Resin alcohols - Occur in the free state as esters in

  combination with simple aromatic acids
• Common aromatic acids in combination with resin alcohols:

  • Benzoic acid
  • Salicylic acid
  • Cinnamic acid
  • Umbellic acid
• Resinols‘ Examples:

  • Benzoresinol– found in Benzoin resin
  • Storesinol– found in Storax resin
  • Guaiacresinol– found in Guaia or guaiac resin
• Resinotannols

  • Aloeresinotannol– Aloe
  • Peruresinotannol– Balsam of Peru
  • Toluresinotannol– Balsam of Tolu
  • Ammoresinotannol and Galbaresinotannol - Ammoniac
  • Siaresinotannol and Sumaresinotannol- Benzene
• Resenes - are complex neutral substances devoid or lack of characteristic chemical properties. They do not form salts or esters, and are insoluble in and resist by alkalies.
• Resenes

  • Alban and Fluavil– Gutta percha
  • Copalresene– Copal
  • Dammaresene– Dammar
  • Dracoresene– Dragon’s blood
  • Olibanoresene - Olibanum
• Glucoresins/glycoresins - Are complex mixtures yielding or producing sugars and complex resin acids on hydrolysis.
• Glucoresins/glycoresins:

  • Resins of Jalap
  • Resins of Scammony
• Pharmaceutic resins— are Obtained by extracting the drug with alcohol and precipitating the resin with water