Consumers g11 term2

• Nutrients


  • Fats and lipids
  • Protein
  • Carbohydrates
• Protein


  Proteins form the base of all body cells and are necessary for building, maintaining and repairing body tissues. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the chemical reactions in the body. Proteins carry important substances in the blood, such as oxygen, to pass of the body.
• Waterproof


  Does not allow any water or air to pass through the fabric
• Water repellent


  Resists wetting, but water and air can pass through
• Drip dry


  A fabric has been treated with to be smooth and wrinkle free
• Nutrients


  • Fats and lipids
  • Protein
  • Carbohydrates
• Proteins


  • Form the base of all body cells and are necessary for building, maintaining and repairing body tissues
  • Enzymes that speed up the chemical reactions in the body
  • Manufacture antibodies to help fight off diseases
  • Carry important substances in the blood, such as oxygen, to pass of the body
  • Any protein that the body does not use for growth and repair is used to provide energy
• Too much protein


  May increase the amount of calcium the body excretes in the urine, leading to kidney stones and heart failure
• Functions of carbohydrates


  • Starch and sugar are the body's main source of energy
  • Carbohydrates have a protein-saving action
  • The body needs carbohydrates for the normal oxidation of fats
  • Excess carbohydrates are stored in the liver in the form of glycogen, which be changed back to glucose when the body needs it
• Dietary fibre


  • Soluble fibre dissolves to form a gel in water, reducing blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease
  • Insoluble fibre doesn't dissolve in water, but binds and holds water as it passes through the body, contributing to the bulking effect
  • Helps to keep the digestive system healthy
  • May help to absorb toxic substances from the intestines and remove them from the body
  • Helps to keep bowel movements regular and prevent constipation
  • Fills you up and provides a sense of satiety
  • Increases faecal bulk
  • Helps to control blood glucose levels
• Too much carbohydrates


  Turn into body fat, normally stored around the hips and thighs
• Too few carbohydrates


  Can cause fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite and a sudden drop in blood pressure when getting up suddenly from a sitting position
• Functions of fats in the body

  • Provide a concentrated source of energy
  • Provide the essential fatty acids, which the body cannot manufacture, that are necessary for good health
  • Helps the body to digest food
  • Helps to regulate body temperature
  • Allow for the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A, B,D and K
  • Digest slowly, delaying the feeling of hunger
• Too much fat


  Can cause serious health problems such as heart disease, high blood-pressure and obesity
• Too little fat


  Affects your body's metabolism
• Classification of fats


  • Saturated fats
  • Polyunsaturated fats
  • Trans-fatty acids
• Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

  Essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce and must be obtained from food
• Trans-fatty acids


  • Produced when hydrogen gas is pumped into oil to make it solid at room temperature (hydrogenation) or formed when fat is heated repeatedly
  • Harmful and cause cardiovascular diseases
• Water


  • About 70% of the body's weight is water
  • We lose water from the body's everyday urine, faeces and perspiration
  • It is a part of the body fluids that transport nutrients
  • The blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Enzymes in the digestive systems are carried in the saliva (mouth), gastric juices (stomach), bile and intestinal juices
  • It removes waste products from the body tissues and organs
  • It protects the central nervous system
  • It lubricates the joints
  • It regulates body temperature by preventing a quick rise in temperature when heat is absorbed and by cooling the body when perspiration evaporates from the surface of the skin
  • Helps the body to carry oxygen and nutrients to all of its parts
• Water intake and excretion

  • We take in and excrete about two and two-and-half litres of water daily
  • If water losses are greater than intake, we become thirsty and drink more water to compensate for the loss
  • We take water into the body by drinking liquids, eating foods, and from water released when the body metabolises food
• Effects of too much or too little water

  • If too much water remains in the cells, they swell, causing oedema
  • If too much water is lost from the cells, symptoms of dehydration, such as dizziness, weakness and eventually heart failure will occur
• Minerals


  • Form part of enzymes, hormones and vitamins
  • Are actively involved in metabolism, during which they form important parts of enzymes
• Classification of minerals


  • Macrominerals (needed in relatively large quantities)
  • Microminerals (needed in smaller quantities)
• Calcium


  • Formation of strong bones and teeth
  • Normal clotting of blood
  • Maintaining a normal rhythmic heartbeat
  • Normal functioning of nerves and muscle
  • Activates certain enzymes
• Calcium deficiency


  • In children may result in badly formed or soft bones and teeth
  • In adults, leads to oseomalacia
  • Too little calcium may cause malfunctioning of the muscles and nerves
• Calcium excess


  Too much calcium can be dangerous because it may be deposited into the organs of the body
• Phosphorus


  • Responsible for mineralisation of bones and teeth (together with calcium)
  • Almost every metabolic process in the body (carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism) depends on it
  • Regulates the release of energy in the body
  • Regulates acid-base balance of body fluid
• Phosphorus deficiency


  Bone disease
• Phosphorus excess


  Erosion of the jaw (phossy jaw)
• Magnesium


  • Involved in enzyme activity
  • Necessary for synthesis of proteins
  • Involved in the function of muscles and nerves
• Magnesium deficiency


  Too little magnesium as a result of kidney failure or starvation may cause convulsions
• Sodium


  • Maintains the permeability of cell membranes and controls the acid-base balance of body fluids, especially the blood
  • Activates some enzymes, transports carbon dioxide in the blood and conducts nerve impulses
  • Prevents muscle cramps
• Sodium deficiency


  Muscle cramps, mental apathy and reduced appetite
• Sodium excess


  High blood pressure
• Potassium


  • Needed for the transmission of nerve impulses
  • Prevent calcium from being lost in the urine
  • Promotes muscle activity and prevents cramps
  • Can help to lower blood pressure
• Potassium deficiency


  Weakness, cramps, arrhythmic or irregular heartbeat
• Potassium excess


  Unlikely in health individuals
• Iodine


  • The thyroid gland uses iodine to make the hormone thyroxin, which regulates the body's metabolic rate
• Iodine deficiency


  If the thyroid gland produces too little thyroxin, metabolism slows down and thyroid gland swells
• Iodine excess


  Very high intake will depress thyroid activity