0.2

• Oral or buccal cavity


  Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue, with the oral orifice as its anterior opening and continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly
• Stratified squamous epithelium


  Lining of the mouth to withstand abrasions
• Structures of the mouth

  • Cheeks
  • Lips (labia), labial frenulum
  • Hard palate
  • Soft palate
  • Uvula
  • Palatoglossal arch & palatopharyngeal arch, palatine tonsils
• Functions of the tongue

  • Gripping and repositioning food during chewing, mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus, initiation of swallowing, and speech
• Types of papillae on the tongue

  • Filiform
  • Fungiform
  • Circumvallate
• Parotid gland


  Lies anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and skin, with the parotid duct opening into the vestibule next to the second upper molar
• Submandibular gland


  Lies along the medial aspect of the mandibular body
• Sublingual gland


  Lies anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue
• Classification of teeth


  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars (bicuspids)
  • Molars
• Tooth structure


  Crown, root, neck, dentin, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal, apical foramen, enamel, cementum
• Esophagus


  Muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach, travelling through the mediastinum and piercing the diaphragm to join the stomach at the cardiac orifice
• Stomach regions


  Cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric
• Stomach curvatures


  Greater curvature, lesser curvature
• Stomach ligaments


  Lesser omentum, greater omentum
• Stomach rugae


  Folds in the inner lining of the stomach
• Stomach epithelial lining


  Goblet cells that produce a coat of alkaline mucus, gastric pits containing gastric glands that secrete gastric juice, mucus, and gastrin
• Gastric gland cell types

  Mucous neck cells, parietal cells
• Small intestine subdivisions


  Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
• Structural modifications of the small intestine wall

  • Villi, microvilli
• Small intestine epithelium


  Absorptive cells, goblet cells, intestinal crypts, Peyer's patches, Brunner's glands
• Pancreas structure


  Head, body, tail, pancreatic duct, accessory duct
• Pancreas histology


  Glandular epithelial cells, pancreatic islets (of Langerhans), acini
• Liver structure


  Right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes, falciform ligament, ligamentum teres, lesser omentum, porta hepatis, gallbladder
• Liver bile ducts


  Bile ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, bile duct
• Liver microscopic anatomy


  Lobules, hepatocyte plates, portal triads, liver sinusoids, Kupffer cells
• Hepatocyte functions


  Production of bile, processing bloodborne nutrients, storage of fat-soluble vitamins, detoxification
• Gallbladder


  Thin-walled, green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver that stores and concentrates bile
• Large intestine subdivisions


  Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal
• Colon regions


  Ascending, hepatic flexure, transverse, splenic flexure, descending, sigmoid
• Anal sphincters


  Internal (smooth muscle, involuntary) and external (skeletal muscle, voluntary)