crime unit 4 exam

• Parliament


  • House of commons
  • House of lords
  • Monarch
• House of commons


  Made up of MPs voted in by the public from their constituency
• Creating a new law

  1. Green paper (public consultation)

  2. White paper (formal proposals and draft act)

  3. First reading (name and aims read, vote)

  4. Second reading (main debate, vote)

  5. Committee stage (address issues, suggest changes)

  6. Report stage (committee report, vote on amendments)

  7. Third reading (final vote)

  8. Royal assent (monarch signs, becomes act)
• Judicial precedent


  Law made by judges in courts, must be followed in similar cases (common law)
• Statutory interpretation


  Judges in superior courts interpret words and phrases within a law
• Criminal justice system organisations

  • Police
  • Ministry of justice
  • Crown prosecution service
  • Prison service
  • Probation service
• Crime control model


  • Seeks to deal with criminal cases quickly and efficiently, seeking conviction at any cost
  • Aims to punish criminals and stop them from committing further crimes
  • Focuses on zero tolerance, protecting rights of victims rather than defendants
  • Doesn't address causes of crime
• Due process model


  • Focuses on innocent until proven guilty, promotes fairness and protecting defendants' legal rights
  • Argues police powers should be limited to prevent oppression of the individual
• Forms of social control


  • Internal (internalisation of social rules, tradition, rational ideology)
  • External (coercion, fear of punishment)