Demography

• Birth Rate


  No. of live births per 100 - long term decline

  3 baby booms - WWI WWII and 1960s
• Total Fertility rate


  Avg no of children a women would have during fertile years - UK in 2014 = 1.63 children
• Reasons for decline in birth rate

  Changes in the position of women

  Decline in Infant mortality

  Children are now an economic liability

  Child centeredness
• Impact of declining birth rate

  Higher dependency ratio - fewer adults so burden of dependency increased

  Less pressure on public service
• Death rate


  UK in 2012 = 8.9 per 1000 per year
• Reasons for decline in death rate

  Improved Nutrition

  Medical improvements

  Smoking + Diet - obesity is the new lifestyle epidemic

  Public health measures - better housing, clean water + Air

  Social Change - decline in manual labour
• Life expectancy


  In 2013 expected to live 90.7 (males) and 94(females)
• Reasons for Ageing Population

  Increased life expectancy

  Low infant mortality rate

  Declining fertility
• Effects of Ageing population 


  Increased strain on public services

  increase in 1 person households

  Higher dependency ratio - in 2015 3.2 people for every pensioner

  Ageism
• PHILLIPSON


  Marxist - Older generation are no use to capitalism because they are not longer productive to capitalism
• HUNT


  We can choose and identity regardless of our age, it not longer determines how we live .: older population become market for body rejuvenation e.g. cosmetic surgery, exercise equipment + anti-ageing products
• Immigration 


  In 2011, 14% of Uk population were ethnic minorities
• Impact of migration on society

  Growing population

  Lower average age

  Lowering dependency
• VERTOVEC


  'Super diversity' migrants from a wider range of countries
• COHEN 


  3 types of migrant

  Citizens - full citizenship rights

  Denizens - oligarchs, privileged foreign nationals

  Herlots - most exploited group, 'disposable units of power', trafficked workers
• ERIKSEN- Globalisation


  Globalisation = more diverse migration patterns = 'hybrid identities'
• Assimilation 


  Encourage migrants to adopt languages, values + cultures
• Multiculturalism


  Accepts migrants may wish to retain separate in a separate culture
• ERIKSEN + identities


  'shallow' and 'deep' diversity

  Shallow - acceptable to the state

  Deep - not acceptable to the state e.g. veiling and arranged marriages
• CASTELS


  Assimilation policies = counter-productive because assume those groups are 'other'