LIVING M1-5 (1)

• ICT


  • Infrastructure and components that enable modern computing
  • No single, universal definition
  • Generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow people and organizations to interact in the digital world
• • Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
• Computer a programmable machine.
• Three principal characteristics of computer:

  • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.

  • It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.

  • It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
• Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613
• The word "computer" continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.
• A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
• An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C
• Abacus is first used in China in around 500 B.C.
• Abacus is used to perform basic arithmetic operations
• Napier’s Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Napier's Bones allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
• Slide Rule


  A mechanical calculator used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry
• Slide Rule

  • Based on Napier's ideas about logarithms
  • Not normally used for addition or subtraction
• Functions of a Slide Rule

  • Multiplication
  • Division
  • Roots
  • Logarithms
  • Trigonometry
• Slide Rule was Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Pascaline was Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• Pascaline limitation to addition and subtraction.
• Pascaline was too expensive.
• Stepped Reckoner is invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• Stepped Reckoner is a machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• Jacquard Loom

  It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
• Arithmometer is a mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.
• Arithmometer

  The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine.
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It is an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

  Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

  • It is the first mechanical computer.
• First Computer Programmer

  • In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.

  • She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine is Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. It was based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine is the first printing calculator.
• Tabulating Machine is Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• Tabulating Machine is used to assist in summarizing information and accounting.
• Harvard Mark 1 is also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).

  • Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• Z1 is the first programmable computer.
• Z1 is Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 it is required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic digital computing device.