MATTER

• Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Matter


  Anything that occupies space and has mass
• Physical properties


  • Can be measured without changing the chemical composition of matter
• Extensive properties


  Depend on the amount of matter being measured
• Intensive properties


  Independent of the amount of matter being considered
• Chemical properties


  Describe the characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new substances
• Types of matter

  • Pure substance
  • Mixture
• Pure substance


  A form of matter with a definite composition and distinct properties
• Pure substances


  • Elements
  • Compounds
• Element


  A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances using any chemical means
• Compound


  Two or more types of elements used in fixed proportion with one another to form a single substance
• Mixture


  A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities
• Type of Mixtures

  • Homogeneous
  • Heterogeneous
• Homogeneous mixture


  The composition of the mixture is the same throughout
• Solution


  A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances
• Solute


  The component(s) that exists in minor amount(s)
• Solvent


  The component that exists in the greatest amount
• Heterogeneous mixture


  The components can be differentiated
• Heterogeneous mixtures


  • Suspension
  • Colloid
• Suspension


  Particles are so large that they eventually settle at the bottom
• Colloid


  Particles are small enough (1-1000 nm) to remain dispersed in their matrix
• Dispersed phase


  The component(s) of the mixture that is/are being dispersed
• Continuous phase


  The component where the dispersed phase is being dispersed
• Tyndall effect


  The scattering of light by the dispersed phase in a colloid
• Solid


  Molecules/atoms are fixed in position, giving solids a definite shape
• Liquid


  Molecules/atoms can move freely but are more compact than gases
• Gas


  Molecules/atoms can move freely with little restriction
• Plasma


  A charged gas made up of charged molecules/atoms
• Plasma can only be observed on the surface of very hot objects, such as stars