Digestive Disorders

• Digestive system disorders


  • ANOREXIA
  • NAUSEA
  • VOMITING
  • DIARRHEA
  • CONSTIPATION
  • FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES
  • PAIN
  • MALNUTRITION
  • CONGENITAL DEFECTS
  • INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
  • INFECTIONS
  • DENTAL PROBLEMS
  • HYPERKERATOSIS
  • ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
  • HIATAL HERNIA
  • DYSPHAGIA
  • GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
  • GASTRITIS
  • GASTRIC CANCER
  • PEPTIC ULCER
  • DUMPING SYNDROME
  • PYLORIC STENOSIS
  • JAUNDICE
  • HEPATITIS
  • CIRRHOSIS
  • CELIAC DISEASE
  • DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
  • APPENDICITIS
  • COLORECTAL CANCER
  • INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
  • GALLBLADDER DISORDERS
  • LIVER CANCER
  • ACUTE PANCREATITIS
  • ORAL CAVITY CANCER
  • SALIVARY GLAND DISORDERS
• Vomiting process


  1. Take a deep breath

  2. Close the glottis and raise the soft palate

  3. Cease respiration

  4. Relax the gastro-esophageal sphincter

  5. Contract the abdominal muscles

  6. Promote expulsion of the contents of the stomach by reverse peristaltic waves
• Vomitus


  Matter that has been vomited
• Characteristics of vomitus


  • Hematemesis (coffee grounds)
  • Yellow or greenish stained vomitus (contains bile from the duodenum)
  • Deeper brown color (typical of recurrent vomiting in persons with intestinal obstruction)
  • Recurrent vomiting of undigested food (indicates a problem with gastric emptying, such as pyloric obstruction)
• Diarrhea


  Excessive frequency of stools, usually loose or watery consistency, may be acute or chronic
• Types of diarrhea


  • Large-volume diarrhea (secretory or osmotic)
  • Small-volume diarrhea
  • Steatorrhea (fatty diarrhea)
• Blood in stool


  • Frank (red blood, often on the surface of the stool)
  • Occult (small, hidden amounts of blood)
  • Melena (dark-colored stool that results from significant bleeding)
• Constipation


  Condition in which there are less frequent bowel movements and passage of small hard stools
• Causes of constipation


  • Inadequate dietary fiber
  • Failure to respond to defecation reflex
  • Muscle weakness and inactivity
  • Neurologic disorders
  • Drugs such as opiates and other CNS depressants
  • Some antacids, iron medications, and bulk laxatives
  • Obstruction caused by tumors or strictures
• Fluid and electrolyte imbalances


  Dehydration and hypovolemia are common complications of digestive tract disorders
• Pain in the digestive system

  • Visceral pain (accompanied by pallor, sweating, nausea, vomiting)
  • Somatic pain (steady, intense, well-localized abdominal pain)
• Malnutrition


  Nutritional deficits may be limited or general and have many causes related to gastrointestinal function
• Upper gastrointestinal disorders


  • DISORDERS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
  • CONGENITAL DEFECTS
  • INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
  • INFECTIONS
  • DENTAL PROBLEMS
  • ORAL CAVITY CANCER
  • SALIVARY GLAND DISORDERS
  • DYSPHAGIA
  • ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
  • HIATAL HERNIA
  • GASTROESOPHAGEAL DISEASE
  • GASTRITIS
  • PEPTIC ULCER
  • ACUTE GASTRITIS
  • GASTROENTERITIS
  • CHRONIC GASTRITIS
  • GASTRIC CANCER
  • DUMPING SYNDROME
  • PYLORIC STENOSIS
• Cleft lip


  Unilateral or bilateral, results from failure of the maxillary processes to fuse with the nasal elevations or failure of the upper lip to fuse
• Cleft palate


  Involves failure of the hard and soft palates to fuse, creating an opening between the oral cavity and nasal cavity
• Congenital defects (cleft lip and cleft palate)


  • Infant has feeding problems and risk of aspiration, speech development is impaired, surgical repair is necessary
• Aphthous ulcers


  Small, shallow, painful lesions occurring on the movable mucosa, often accompany fevers, stress, or ingestion of certain foods
• The oral cavity has a large and varied resident flora (microflora) that thrive in the moist, warm environment with plentiful nutrients
• Congenital defects


  Defects present at birth
• Cleft palate development


  Opening created between oral cavity and nasal cavity between 7 to 12 weeks of gestation
• Cleft palate


  • Feeding problems due to insufficient force development in the mouth to suck, high risk of aspirating fluid into respiratory passages
  • Speech development is impaired
• Cleft palate treatment


  1. Temporary measures include special nipples or dental appliances to close off nasal cavity

  2. Surgical repair of defect necessary

  3. Additional plastic surgery to correct growth defects or improve appearance
• Aphthous ulcers


  Aphthous stomatitis or canker sores, small shallow painful lesions on movable mucosa
• Aphthous ulcers


  Often accompany fevers, stress, or ingestion of certain foods
• Oral microflora


  Large and varied resident flora in the oral cavity that thrive in moist, warm areas with food particles
• Candidiasis


  Oral candidiasis (thrush), a common fungal infection
• Causes of oral candidiasis

  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Cancer chemotherapy
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Diabetes or immunosuppression
• Nystatin


  Topical antifungal agent used to treat oral candidiasis
• Herpes simplex type 1 infection

  Herpetic stomatitis, may be associated with herpes labialis (cold sores or fever blisters)
• Herpes simplex type 1 infection

  1. Transmitted by kissing or close contact, often in childhood

  2. Virus migrates along nerve to skin or mucosa around mouth when activated by stress, trauma, or another infection, causing burning or stinging sensation

  3. Lesions heal spontaneously in 7-10 days
• Syphilis


  Oral lesions contain microorganisms and are highly contagious during first and second stages
• Stages of syphilis


  1. Primary stage: chancre, painless ulcer on tongue, lips or palate

  2. Secondary stage: red macules, papules on palate, similar to skin rash
• Syphilis treatment


  Both stages treated with penicillin, usually by injection
• Dental caries


  Tooth decay or cavities, considered an infection involving Streptococcus mutans
• Factors contributing to dental caries

  • Frequent intake of sugar
  • Presence of multiple pits or fissures in tooth surface
  • Xerostomia (dry mouth)
  • Plaque formation
  • Periodontal disease
• Periodontitis


  Infection and damage to periodontal ligament and bone by microorganisms, leading to loosening and possible loss of teeth
• Causes of periodontitis


  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Systemic diseases
  • Medications
• Gingivitis


  Inflammation of the gingiva (gum), causing redness, swelling, and easy bleeding
• Causes of gingivitis


  • Accumulated plaque
  • Calculus (tartar)
  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Toothbrush trauma
• Systemic factors that can alter gingiva


  • Development of dark line on gingival margin
  • Gingival hyperplasia with long-term drug use
  • Necrotizing periodontal disease (trench mouth)