Earth and Science

• Terrestrial Planets


  Have solid surfaces, dense and metallic core, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are abundant in their atmosphere
• Terrestrial Planets


  • Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
• Jovian Planets


  Have gaseous surfaces, less dense core supposedly molten rock, hydrogen and helium are vastly present in its atmosphere
• Jovian Planets


  • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
• Six factors that make Earth habitable

  • Closeness to the Sun
  • Earth's Atmosphere
  • Earth's consistent temperature
  • Earth's moon
  • Diversity of Life
  • Water
• Closeness to the Sun

  Earth's distance from the sun is 151.2 million kilometers, which enables Earth to get much-needed heat
• Earth's Atmosphere


  Five layers of atmosphere (smallest-largest), Ozone Layer helps to warm the planet by day and cools it at night

  
• Without the Moon, 1 day would be 4 hours instead of 24 hours
• Diversity of Life


  Food chain sustains the survival and evolution of organisms, Biodiversity and Evolution are products of the interaction of organisms with their environment
• Earth is covered 71% by water
• Atmosphere


  Gaseous layer above Earth's surface, primarily composed of 78% nitrogen and 20.9% oxygen, supports life of humans, plants, and animals, protects us from harmful ultraviolet solar radiation
• Hydrosphere


  The water part of the Earth which circulates among oceans, continents, glaciers, and atmosphere, Cryosphere is the frozen water part of the Earth system
• Geosphere


  The solid Earth, consisting of the entire planet from the center of the core to the outer crust, includes the rocks and minerals - from the molten rock and heavy metals in the deep interior of the planet to the sand on beaches and peaks of mountains

  
• Biosphere


  All forms of life exist; in the sea, on land, and in water, they are all connected
• Geology is the study of the Earth: its history, nature, materials and processes
• Geologist


  Scientists who study the Earth: its history, nature, materials and processes
• Mineralogy


  The study of the chemistry, crystal structure and physical properties of the mineral constituents of rocks
• Mineralogist


  A person who studies minerals
• Petrology


  The scientific study of rocks
• Petrologist


  Person who study rocks
• Mineral


  A naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure
• Characteristics of Minerals


  • Natural Occurring
  • Chemically Inorganic
  • Homogenous Solids
  • Crystalline Structure
  • Definite Chemical Composition
• Physical Properties of Minerals

  • Color
  • Streak
  • Hardness
  • Cleavage
  • Crystalline
  • Diaphaneity
  • Luster
  • Tenacity
  • Specific Gravity

  
• Rock


  A naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals
• Igneous Rocks


  Formed from the crystallization and solidification, Latin word "Ignis" which means "Fire"
• Sedimentary Rocks


  Formed from the accumulation of sediments, word "Sediments" means "to settle at the bottom"
• Types of Sedimentary Rocks

  • Clastic - Formed from accumulation of clasts (little pieces of broken rocks and shells)
  • Chemical - Formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution
  • Organic - Made from the remains of plants and animals and may contain fossils
• Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

  1. Erosion

  2. Deposition

  3. Cementation
• Metamorphic Rocks


  Rocks that are formed from igneous or sedimentary, Meta means "change" and morph means "form"

  
• Types of Metamorphism


  • Contact - Mainly heat due to contact with magma
  • Regional Metamorphism - Due to the changes in pressure and temperature over large region in the crust

  
• Types of Metamorphic Rocks

  • Foliated - Appeared banded or layered
  • Non-foliated - The grains are random and do not split into layers
• Exogenic Processes


  Geologic processes that occur on the surface of the earth
• Exogenic Processes


  • Weathering
  • Erosion
  • Mass Wasting
  • Sedimentation
• Weathering


  Disintegration of rocks, soils, and minerals together with other materials through contact in Earth's subsystem
• Types of Physical Weathering

  • Release of Pressure
  • Frost Wedging
  • Abrasion
  • Biological Activity
  • Human Activity
• Types of Chemical Weathering

  • Dissolution
  • Hydrolysis
  • Oxidation
• Erosion


  The process which Earth's surface is worn away by wind, water, or ice, Erosion moves rock debris or soil from one place to another
• Agents of Erosion


  • Water
  • Air
  • Ice
  • Gravity
  • Animals
  • Humans
• Types of Mass Wasting

  • Debris Flow
  • Mud Flow
  • Slumps
• Factors that Triggered Mass Wasting

  • Over-steepened slope
  • Water
  • Earthquake
  • Vegetation Removal