nationalism

• nationalism is when people have a strong sense of loyalty towards their country and identify with national values
• nationalism rose in the 19th century as countries like UK, France and Germany believed they were better than the countries they were colonising = scramble over Africa + British Raj
• British Raj Case Study

  • Britain began colonising parts of India in 1600. the colonised areas were controlled indirectly through trade agreements made by existing rulers and East India Company
  • 1857, soldiers working for East India Company rebelled against British officers = wave of violence between Indian and British people - in response British government brought India under its direct control, known as British Raj
  • Indian rulers had to swear oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria, Raj used military force to keep control and promoted British culture
• wind of change in Africa was many African countries gaining independence in the 1960s as end of second world war meant colonies could not maintain control as they were weak and in debt
• wind of change in Africa 1960s

  • some countries gained independence peacefully like Ghana but Kenya faced violence between nationalist groups and colonial government
  • independence movement allowed others to learn from and support each other. In 1960 alone, 17 African countries alone became independent - colonisers left all their colonies with no government structure in place which led to instability and civil war
• decolonisation brought very negative consequences in some areas as new nations were made up of different social groups making it hard to decide who should lead it = conflict causing huge social, economic and environmental problems
• case study for post-independence conflict - Sudan

  • became independent in 1956 after British-Egyptian rule
  • new nation made up of two very different areas, north Sudan was dry, Muslim and higher levels of human development. whereas the south was a wetter climate, Christian and rich in oil resources but lowest human development index in the world
  • South Sudan asked for degree of independence from central government but was refused, tensions grew leading to 1955 and 1972 civil war and another between the government and Sudan People's Liberation army from 1983-2005
• case study for post-independence conflict Sudan (2)

  • eventually, South Sudan became independent in 2011 but conflicts continued around control of oil reserves
  • from 2013 to 2020 there was a civil war in south Sudan between different ethnic groups who supported different leaders
• • impacts of Sudan conflict
  • conflicts have equalled social impacts of 400,000 people killed, 4 million displaced and reports of human right abuse, sexual assault and looting in South Sudan civil war
  • economic impact - 2013 saw South Sudan spend more than half of its entire budget on military, Darfur (west) conflict cost $90 billion. meaning spending on education and health care is low in Sudan and South Sudan
  • environmental impact - South Sudan and Sudan are both vulnerable to desertification as a result of climate change but has been worsened by conflict due to degradation of land
• migration between former colonies and imperial core country is still evident

  19th & 20th century

  • 19th century and early 20th century saw many leave Europe to settle in Australia and South Africa but latter 20th century so a reverse with many moving to Europe from India, Pakistan, South Africa and Caribbean
  • after second world war, UK invited people from its colonies to help rebuild UK
  • from 1956 to 1970 London transport recruited 6000 employees from the Caribbean, additionally by 1960, 40% of NHS junior doctors were from India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
• current trends of migration between former colonies and imperial core countries is still occurring as the countries share history and language and new migrants can join their extended families

  in 2021, over 33% of migrants in UK were from former colonies like India, Pakistan, Kenya and Nigeria