opposition

• The Kreisau circle: intellects, common ground was opposition to Hitler, did not plan to overthrow but a better Germany after the fall of the regime, all members hung before war ended. One member wrote 'we are to be hanged for thinking together'
• Franz Von Papen made speech June 1934 critical of regime and called for freedom
• August 1935, Schacht deplored antisemitic violence
• some government officials planned alternative government and maintained contacts with other opponents
• some judges defied governments but bypassed by People's court and special courts
• Edelweiss pirates, swing youth and white rose group
• churches: hundreds of priests and pastors killed and showed protection on institution, remained obstacle however did not pose threat
• opposition emerged in German military intelligence organisation, helped Jews leave during war
• socialist: 10-20% of population of concentration camps, banned July 1933, continued resistance as SOPADE (social democrat party in exile), distributed underground leaflets
• communists: consisted of 300,000 members, Rote Kapelle (red orchestra) took orders from Moscow, spying and sabotage, 150,000 affected by Nazi persecution and thousands murdered
• the July bomb plot by Stauffenberg featured 3 bomb attacks. the bomb was in a briefcase, which was moved further away from Hitler and he was not killed yet 4 were. 5000 people were executed for this.
• Novmeber 1939, Georg elser planted bomb in beer-hall where Hitler was speaking however he left early and 4 people killed. Arrested and executed 1945