geography

• Urbanisation


  Increasing proportion of people living in built up towns and cities
• How urbanisation varies around the world

  • HICs first to urbanise & have largest proportion living in towns and cities
  • LICs - lower amounts of urbanisation, but are urbanising rapidly
  • NEEs are seeing the largest growth in urban areas (India, China and Nigeria)
• Why cities grow


  1. Migration - movement of population from one rural to urban area

  2. Natural increase - where the birth rate is higher than the death rate
• Push factors


  Forces or encourages people to move away from an area
• Pull factors


  Encourages people to move to an area
• Megacities


  Cities with over 10 million people, almost exclusively in LICs
• Asia has the highest number of megacities
• Mumbai


  Megacity in Maharashtra, West India with a population over 18 million
• Importance of Mumbai


  • Wealthiest city in India
  • Busiest port and airport in India
  • 6% of India's GDP is generated in Mumbai
  • Most globalised city in SE Asia including the largest number of TNCs (GSK, Volkswagen & Disney)
  • 25% of industrial production
  • Home of Bollywood
• What has caused the natural increase and population growth in Mumbai

  Migration (average 1 person per minute, 64% of population growth)
• Social opportunities created from urban growth in Mumbai

  • Health Care
  • Water supply
  • Energy
  • Education
  • Greater social support
• Economic opportunities created from urban growth in Mumbai

  • Employment in the formal and informal economy (extensive manufacturing industry)
  • Income higher than rural area
  • Able to work locally
  • Local services available
• Challenges created from urban growth in Mumbai

  • Squatter settlements or Slums - poor sanitation
  • Air pollution - Nitrous Oxides/Particulate matter damage human health
  • Lack of legal rights
  • Limited water supplies in slums
  • Unemployment and poor quality jobs with no protections
  • Traffic congestions - 22million vehicles clog the roads
  • Water pollution - 77% households suffer from poor quality water
  • Dumping of waste - 7,500 tonnes produced a day in Mumbai
• How urban planning in Mumbai is improving the quality of life for the urban poor

  • Slum sanitation project - 5100 toilets provided
  • 30 community blocks project - 10,000 people provided with electricity, replacing bottles gas
  • Incremental housing
  • Mumbai slum resettlement strategies - support people to make gradual changes and improvements to their homes, with running water and sewage systems