Biochem: Carbohydrates

• C=OH


  aldehyde, aldose
• C=OC 


  ketone, ketose
• disaccharide bonds are linked by ___

  glycosidic bond
• the second to the last C for checking of position of the hydroxyl group (OH) if L or D

  penultimate carbon
• L - left - (note: made in the laboratory)


  levorotatory
• D - right - (note: naturally occurring)

  dextrorotatory
• Chirality: superimposable or same that coincides at all points

  achiral
• Chirality: non-superimposable, not all points coincide

  chiral
• A two-dimensional representation for showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters

  Fischer Projection
• Cyclic hemiacetals form readily when ___ are part of the same molecule and their interaction can form a five- or six-membered ring.

  hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
• The anomeric carbon of an aldose is __

  C1
• The anomeric carbon for ketose is __

  C2
• In the D form, oxygen atom is positioned __ the ring checking the terminal carbon

  above (up)
• In the L form, oxygen atom is positioned __ the ring checking the terminal carbon

  below (down)
• In _ configuration, both hydroxyl (-OH) and terminal are on the same direction


  β (beta)
• In _ configuration, the hydroxyl (-OH) and terminal are on the opposite directions


  α (alpha)
• Cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring

  Pyranose
• Cyclic monosaccharide containing a five atom ring

  Furanose
• Polymers of many monosaccharide units bonded with glycosidic linkages; not sweet and do not show positive tests with Tollen’s and Benedict’s solutions

  Polysaccharides
• Carbohydrates that contain 3–10 monosaccharide units bonded to each other via glycosidic linkages; found in onions, cabbage, broccoli, and whole wheat

  Oligosaccharides
• The most abundant of all disaccharides and found in plants; “Table sugar”.

  Sucrose
• Two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond between the anomeric Carbon of one unit and an –OH group of the other unit.

  Disaccharides