Content

• Factors affecting development


  • Trade and debt
  • Earthquakes
  • Safe water
  • Education
  • Stable government+civil war
• GNI (Gross national income)


  Total value of goods produced, money earned, and paid to other countries
• Income levels


  • Four different income levels
• Economic indicator


  Does not entail high quality of life
• HDI (Human Development Index)


  0-1 scale, measures life expectancy, years of education, and GNI per capita
• Human rights


  Freedom, happiness, security, quality of life
• Good development indicators


  • Birth rate
  • Infant mortality
  • Number of doctors per 1000 people
  • Literacy rate
  • Percentage of clean water
• Multivariable good indicators


  More rounded
• Multivariable good indicators


  • HDI
  • PQLI (Physical Quality of Life Index)
• Poor indicators


  Death rate (less reliable)
• Limitations of development indicators

  • Data could be out of date or hard to collect
  • Data may be unreliable
  • Focus on certain aspects, may not take into account subsistence or informal economies+domestic work
  • Government corruption-unreliable
  • Uneven distribution-does not resemble the wealth of the rural poor
• Comparing quality of life for Syrian refugees is difficult as they may be economically stable in a new country but be psychologically harmed
• Demographic Transition Model


  Describes the transition of birth and death rates in a country over time
• In between stage 2 and 3 of the Demographic Transition Model there is a demographic dividend-Working age and less kids
• Examples of countries at different stages of the Demographic Transition Model


  • No countries at stage 1 (primarily hunters and gatherers)
  • United States and United Kingdom during industrial revolution (1750 onwards)
  • Africa and Asia during medical revolution
  • Afghanistan today
  • Botswana, Indonesia, South Africa, Jamaica
  • United States, UK, Norway, France
  • Russia, Germany, Japan, China
• Changes in birth rate over the Demographic Transition Model

  • High birth rate
  • High CBR (Crude Birth Rate)
  • Declining CBR
  • Birth rate is low and constant
• Changes in death rate over the Demographic Transition Model


  • High infant mortality
  • Declining CDR (Crude Death Rate)
  • Less rapid decrease in CDR
  • Death rate is low and constant
• Changes in natural increase over the Demographic Transition Model

  • Minimal growth-Cancelling each other out
  • High NIR (Natural Increase Rate) due to consistent CBR with reducing CDR
  • Less rapid increase, Going down
  • No natural increase-ZPG (Zero Population Growth), TFR (Total Fertility Rate) constant at 2.1
  • Decreasing
• Reasons for change in birth rate over the Demographic Transition Model

  • No contraception or modern technology
  • Cultural lag-Population has not adapted to greater modern medicine
  • Urbanisation-Less human involvement with agriculture, higher education levels
  • Urbanisation continues, Feminism-Women delay having children due to favouring career
• Reasons for change in death rate over the Demographic Transition Model

  • Disease vulnerability, vulnerability to food shortages
  • Industrial revolution+medical revolution, e.g. penicillin and vaccines
  • The initial benefit of basic medicines has a more drastic effect on increasing life expectancy, than more complex and specific technologies
  • Urbanisation continues, minimal technological advancement that significantly decreases death rate
• Demographic Transition Model


  • Universality-all countries go through similar stages
  • Flexible timescales
  • Easily understandable
  • Allows demographic comparisons
• Demographic Transition Model


  • Wars impact death rate and birth, timeline assumes zero disruption
  • Eurocentric-NIC=NEE developing more rapidly does not apply
  • Role of governments not included-One child
  • Does not consider differing immigration rates
• Stages of the Population Pyramid

  • Stage 5
  • Stage 4
  • Stage 3
  • Stage 2
  • Stage 1 even more wide
• Interpreting the Population Pyramid

  The old, the young, the bulge, the gap, the gender difference
• Causes of uneven development

  • Physical-Extreme weather, being landlocked, disease outbreaks
  • Economic-World trade dominated by HICs, dependence on resources
  • Historical-Colonialism, independence conflicts, government corruption
• Locusts are a major cause of uneven development, as unusual rainfall leads to congregation and swarming that damages crops
• Malaria is the number one cause of death for pregnant women, and kills 600,000 people under 5 each year
• In the UK, 1% of the population has more wealth than the bottom 50%
• Types of migration


  • Internal migration
  • Asylum seeker
  • Refugee
  • Emigrant
  • Immigrant
  • Internally displaced person
• Economic migrants vs forced migration

  Economic migrants move voluntarily, forced migrants are fleeing danger
• Strategies to reduce the development gap

  • Investment
  • Industrial development
  • Tourism
  • Aid
  • Intermediate technology
  • Trade
  • Loans and debt
• How investment works to reduce the development gap

  1. Developing infrastructure

  2. Construct dams for electricity

  3. Improve harbours and ports

  4. Poverty decreases and education improves, people become more politically involved, leading to better government
• Foreign investment in Africa

  • Billions of dollars in energy, mining, construction and manufacturing, power plants, hydro-electricity and railway construction
• How industrial development works to reduce the development gap

  Multiplier effect-Factory creates employment, taxes, investment in infrastructure, better educated and healthier population, more opportunities for investment
• Industrial development in Malaysia

  • Development in natural resources like palm oil, leading to better education and healthcare, and car manufacturing
• How tourism works to reduce the development gap

  Tropical beaches or wildlife exploited and advertised, income from abroad improves education, infrastructure and housing
• Tourism in Jamaica


  • Tourism contributes 24% of GDP, provides 200,000 jobs, but also causes pollution (littering, ports for cruises damages marine environments+CO2 emissions) and percieved scarcity (immense wealth of tourist areas surrounded by great poverty).
• How aid works to reduce the development gap

  1. NGO aid, bilateral aid, multilateral aid, tied aid, voluntary aid

  2. Short-term emergency supplies, long-term infrastructure building
• UK aid to Pakistan

  • Aid in health, hygiene and education sectors
• Goat aid from Oxfam


  • Donating goats to families, providing milk, butter, meat, manure, and income