Powers and Borders 1.3

• General information regarding south sudan (3) - 12 million population - 113.4 fragile state ranking - 1600 USD GDP per capita
• Four reasons behind the conflict in south sudan (4) - Colonial History - Natural resources - Poor governance since independance - Competition over resources
• How has colonial history led to conflict in south sudan (3) - Britain had ruled sudan with a dual colonial government with Egypt - British had developed a school system in the north while education undertaken by christians in the south - British had separated the north and south culturally and economically
• When was the independance of south sudan officially recognised - 1st January 1956
• How has natural resources resulted in conflict in south sudan - 98% of their income generated by oil - lead to conflict
• How has the poor governance of south sudan since independance led to conflict (2) - Led to the emergence of the Dinka and Nuer ethnic groups - Evident through the 730,000 refugees fleeing to neighbouring countries
• How has competition over resources led to conflict in South Sudan (2) - Purchasing of arms and funding of militias from the money acquired from oil exports has led to outrageous war crimes - Competition and conflict surrounding agriculture has led to farms being devastated
• What are the three interventions in South Sudan - South Sudanese Government - UN - NGO's
• Describe UNMISS in terms of how the UN are intervening in South Sudan (3) - Launched a peacekeeping mission to support government in stabilisation following December 2013 crisis with military and polic presence being increased to support government in peace consolidation - UNMISS is the UN peacekeeping mission that involves 12500 military personel and 1000 police and more following security council passing resolution 2132 doubling UNMISS troops size in december 2013 - The mission moved to placing emphasis on protecting civilians and implementing the cessation of hositilities agreement to provi...
• Describe how the UN are intevening in south sudan (2) - Through UNMISS peacekeeping mission - UN agencies are working within the country
• Describe the UN agencies working within south sudan in terms of how the UN are intervening in south sudan (2) - OCHA are concerned with hygiene and provision of safe drinking water - UNICEF are trying to improve conditions in south sudan as well as low 5.3% fertlility rate - WHO are operating an oral cholera vaccination programme
• Describe how the south sudanese government are intervening in south sudan (2) - They have signed treaties bringing temporary hope of cooperation, like convention against torture, african charter on human and peoples rights, convention of the rights of the child - However human rights violations have continued despite UNHCR attempting to engage government agencies as partners, and IGAD has attempted to include government in mediation, but they have prevented representatives participating in the plus peace process
• Describe how NGO's intervene in south sudan (2) - South sudan NGO forum organises 300+ NGO's addressing humanitarian and development needs, but there has been harassment and violence against ngo workers, including their forced evacuation of the upper nile states leaving populations vulnerable - Save the children, oxfam, MSF all play a role in food and water relief but struggle with harassment and violence towards their workers
• Describe the intended long term benefits of global governance in south sudan in terms of the consequences of global governance in south sudan (3) - Agricultural training provision set up - Development of education programmes - Creating and developing democratic institutions
• Describe the intended short term benefits of global governance in terms of the consequences of global governance in south sudan (3) - Provide humanitarian aid - Develop sufficient suppy of food - Provision of shelter
• Describe the positive consequences of global governance in south sudan in terms of the consequences of global governance in south sudan (3) - Villagers trained to maintain livestock - Vulnerable children receive treatment for malnutrition - Aid agencies can negotiate access into areas of conflict, and the UN help set up civilian protection camps to provide food and protection from fighting
• Describe How Challenges to sovereignty can be a cause of conflict (3) - Citizens are exploited or have limited representation in government or the government fails to protect its citizens from human rights violations - People seek autonomy, independence if marginalised by a state, differing ethnic identities can cause ethnic conflict within a state - Access to natural resources
• Describe Access to natural resources and the water supply conflict in kashmir in terms of how challenges to sovereignty can be a cause of conflict (3) - Sovereignty has been contested between pakistan and india since the partition of india in 1947, although there are cultural differences water insecurity is the heart of the dispute - Indus is an important resource to both countries for irrigation and hydroelectric power, it is mediated by the world bank throught the 1960 indus water treaty - pakistan granted the lower part of the basin, and argues india affects it water supply by damming upper...
• Describe how patterns of conflict are represented in terms of how challenges to sovereignty can be a cause of conflict - Represented by global peace index, based on 23 indicators including level of security, degree of militarisation and international and domestic conflicts
• Describe the role of insititutions, treaties, laws and norms that regulate conflict (3) - Instutions like UN, NATO, NGOs and the EU - Treatys - Laws and Norms
• Describe the united nations with regards to the role of institutions in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict - Founded in 1945 the UN aims to achieve worldwide peace and security, develop good relations and foster cooperation among nations - UN charter gives security council responsibility to protect and maintain peace, achieved through settling disputes via the international court of justice and preventative diplomacy, peace keeping, treaty making and counter terrorism - UN operates it policies as part of a global partnershi...
• Describe NATO with regards to the role of institutions in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict (3) - its purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its 28 members politically and militarily - Politically nato promotes democratic values, encourages cooperation on defense and security to prevent conflict, militarily nato has military capacity and mandate to undertake crisis management operations alone or with other organisations
• Describe the European union with regards to the role of institutions in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict - Aimed to foster economic cooperation following ww2, making members less likely to engage in conflict, it has foreign affairs and security policy, european neighbourhood policy and common defense policy aiming to regulate conflict
• Describe NGO's with regards to the role of institutions in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict (3) - NGO's intervene in conflict zones providing humanitarian releif like healthcare, medicines, education and monitoring early signs of violence - They often undertake direct mediation, strengthen local institutions and democratic processes - Amnesty international, red cross, oxfam and accord
• Describe treaties with regards to the role of itreaties in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict - Many multilateral treaties are adopted by UN like convention on prohibition of use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction, by 2015 162 countries had signed up (not US china or russia)
• Describe Law with regards to the role of laws in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict (2) - primary goal of the UN is to develop international law to define responsibilities of states, for example laws related to states responsibility to protect human rights, and refugees - International law regulated conflict over global commons, there are legal and institutional frameworks addressing environmental issues of the global commons like UN convention on the law of the sea
• Describe Norms with regards to the role of norms in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict (2) - Treaties and laws are derived from norms, long established common practises in many countries set out in UN charter - Six New norms relating to cyber conflict have been created by microsoft, who assumes responsibility for regulating cyber conflicts threat to sovereignty
• Provide some examples of the role of institutions in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict (3) - South sudan NGO forum organises 300+ NGOs like OCHA and Unicef, which are concerned with the raising of provisions of refugees and IDPs by distributing agricultural kits, the girls can program etc - UNMISS peacekeeping mission that involved 12500 military personnel as a result of a UN intervention and the security councils article 2132 which doubled UNMISS troops size - UN interventions in the form of Operation Serval and Newcomb...
• Describe some examples of treaties in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict (2) - South sudanese government introduced the convention against torture, african charter on human rights - However treaties can be rendered useless when a government like south sudans, prevents representatives travelling to participate in IGADs peace plus process
• Provide an example of the effects of laws and norms in regulating conflict in terms of the role of institutions, treaties, laws and norms in regulating conflict - Operation Newcombe and serval in mali as well as UNMISS in south sudan both aim to regulate conflict
• Describe the roles of flows of people, money, ideas and technology in geopolitical intervention (3) - Flow of people - Flow of money - Flow of ideas and technology
• Describe the flow of people in terms of the role of flows of people, money, ideas and technology in geopolitical intervention (4) - Flow of people is integral in global governance missions, requiring the movement of personnel into conflict zones, sometimes more than 10,000 people - Flows of people can also include refugees and IDPs as a result of conflict, with 730,000 refugees flowing into neighbouring countries from south sudan with UN agencies dictating flows of NGO workers like WHHO, unicef and ocha - UNMISS peacekeeping mission involves 12500 military personnel and 1200 police, MINUSMA in...
• Describe the flow of money in terms of the role of flows of people, money, ideas and technology in geopolitical intervention (2) - Money is integral for peacekeeping and geopolitical intervention sometimes costing upwards of 1 billion - Geopolitical intervention in mali has allowed for development of stability with GDP per capita recovering following military coup and the world bank has set up chains for aquaculture and farming to enhance agricultural competitiveness and increase the range of malian exports
• Describe the flow of ideas and technology in terms of the role of flows of people, money, ideas and technology in geopolitical intervention (3) - Planning and execution of intervention involves exchange of ideas, for example the coordination of strategy and flows of intelligence between bilateral meetings and UN conferences - Peacekeeping is becoming dependant on technology, like advanced military satellite imagery and the growth of ICT to allow information to be supplied and stored by the internet and its databases - For example operation newcombe in mali sent a british task force to surveill...