Biology paper 2

• What’s a genome 


  Organisms complete set of DNA including its genes
• whats an allele


  Different forms of each gene
• What is a dominant allele


  Only needs one allele to be present
• What’s a recessive allele 


  needs two alleles to be present
• What’s a phenotype 


  Characteristic that is seen (physical)
• What’s a genotype 


  Genes that are present
• Examples of continuous variation


  Height
• Examples of discontinuous variation


  blood groups
• What does meiosis produce

  Gametes
• 1st step of mitosis

  Cell has two pairs of chromosomes
• 2nd step of meiosis


  Each chromosome replicates itself
• 3rd step of meiosis

  Chromosomes part and move to opposite sides
• 4th step of meiosis

  Cell divides for the first time
• 5th step of meiosis


  Then they separate and the second sell division takes place
• 6th step of meiosis

  Then there is 4 haploid cells they have half the number of the parent cell
• What’s evolution


  Gradual change in inherited characteristics of population over a large number of generations which may result in the formation of a new species
• What’s Charles Darwins theory

  there is much variation within a species

  is a struggle for survival and organisms have more offspring than can survive

  those that are best adapted to their environment are likely to survive breed and pass on their genes to next generation(survival of the fittest )

  those that are least well adapted are likely to die
• What can cause variation

  Mutations of the gene
• What does the fossil fuel record give

  Evidence of change over a long period of time
• What’s antibiotic resistance 


  When bacteria evolves and antibiotics no longer work to fight them
• What also provides evidence of evolution

  Antibiotic resistance
• What’s the binomial classification system


  Places organisms into groups based on a large number of characteristics such as anatomy physiology biochemistry and reproduction
• What’s a phylogenetic systems

  Systems of classification that help us understand the evelutionary history of organisms
• What can phylogenetic systems show

  DNA sequences can be used to show if organisms share common ancestors

  DNA sequencing has led some organisms to be reclassified
• what’s a pooter


  Catching small insects on the ground
• What’s a pitfall traps 


  Catching small crawling insects
• What’s a pond net

  Catch water invertebrates ( small fish )
• What’s a sweep net 


  Catching flying insects
• What’s a quadrat


  Sampling the number of plant species
• What’s a line transects 


  Sampling the distribution of plant species
• what's the method of the capture-mark-recapture method 


  Count animals caught in the trap

  mark them and release them

  count the animals caught a few days later noticing how many are marked /not marked
• whats the method of using quadrats 


  Measure area of the field

  randomly place number of quadrats in the field

  count the number of plants per quadrat

  work out mean number of plants per qaudrat

  multiply by the number of square metres in the field
• what do captive breeding programmes do

  Create nature reserves

  sustainable fishing

  passing laws to protect animals have a positive impact on ecosystems
• What’s ecotourism 


  Aims to reduce the impact of tourism on environments by not interfering with wildlife