paper 2

• Lagos, Nigeria


  City in West Africa
• Lagos, Nigeria

  • Newly Emerging Economy (NEE)
  • 21st largest economy in the world
  • Supplies 2.7% of world's oil
  • Population of 128 million
  • Fastest growing economy in Africa
  • North is dry, South is rainforest
• lagos -  receives international aid, 4% of African aid, aid helps against malaria/ AIDs but leads to corruption,
• lagos - Shell- AD (65,000 (direct jobs), 250,000 (indirect jobs), 91% local contracts, positive multiplier ) DIS (oil spills, economic leaching, oil theft)
• North South divide


  Differences between the northern and southern regions of the UK
• North South divide


  • HS2
  • Nissan (1984) Sunderland
  • Northern Powerhouse (diffuse power of government)
  • Investment into science and technology (Newcastle Science Centre)
  • Relocating business and companies (Media city, Manchester)
• Relocating business and companies

  Reduces unemployment (NE 9.9%, SE 4.4%)
• There are education differences between the North and South
• House prices are different between the North and South
• Transport projects


  • Superhighway SW (2 billion pound road widening)
  • HS2 (50 billion pounds, high speed railway London to Birmingham)
  • Liverpool 2 (£300 million project to double the capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year)
  • Heathrow (Constructing a new runway at a cost of £18.6 billion)
• Tunisia, tourism: AD-2013 6 million tourists, expand economy from agriculture, life expectancy 42-75
• Tunisia, tourism: DIS- polluted beaches, leak of profits by TNCs, terrorism (2015 tow terrorists attacks aimed at tourists)
• London: international transport, unis, financial hub, migration- population increased due to work, most diverse UK city, pressure on housing, education, cultural integration
•  opportunities- (EN) increasing numbers of jobs, biggest growth in real estate, professional and business, biggest decline in factories,
•  (EC), 47% green(one of greenest in world), parks, trees, reduce flooding, mental health
• S) transport system (75 million journeys /year), crossrail, gentrification (e.g shoreditch)
• challenges- (EC)/(S) housing shortage, East and West inequality (life expectancy in Kensington is 8 years higher in Newham, Unemployment rate is twice as high in Newham, Nearly 20% less pupils achieve 5+ good GCSE grades in Newham)
• • (EN) Air pollution (responsible for 4,000 premature deaths per year, due to heating systems and road vehicles intensified by the tall building and dense road network), Waste( 25% of London’s waste goes to landfill)
• Lagos: centre for trade and commerce, 2 ports and 1 airport, main financial centre in West Africa, 80% of Nigeria’s industry, expanded due to natural increase, oil boom for work, pull factors (jobs, education, health), push factors (climate change, land shortage, Boko Haram),
• Lagos- challenges- (EC) informal economy (40%), informal economy jobs are dangerous,
• lagos-(S) water (11% piped water), crime (armed mugging , burglaries and car jacking) Energy (Power cuts are frequent only wealthy people can use generators as backup) Housing (60% of people live in squatter settlements with no sanitation e.g Makoko), Widening gap rich on Victoria island those in slums,
• lagos- (EN) Traffic accidents (fatal accident rate on roads is 3x higher than Europe), Air pollution (from traffic congestion is 5x higher than the international limit), Water pollution (open drains means raw sewage contaminates water supplies and spreads diseases e.g cholera), Sea level rise (Lagos is built around a Lagoon which is likely to be flooded, slums e.g Makoko)
• lagos-opportunities- (S) Water (regulating water supply, to ensure water is safe and affordable), Transport (Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority bus rapid transit system links the CBD on  Lagos island with the suburbs, 25%of all commuters), Healthcare is available in Lagos but busy and costly,
• lagos-  (EC), Employment (Eko Atlantic financial hub, 15,000 jobs), Transport (Good transport links port, airport (80% W. Africa’s flights), rail and road), Olusosun dump provides jobs in recycling of electronic waste, Employment Trust Fund bill launched in 2016 to grant loans to unemployed people, Growing population creates a large market for goods and services
• lagos- (EN), Air pollution (Better urban planning could reduce the number of journeys), State Waste Management Regulatory Authority is making energy from waste (methane), Air pollution (Provision of walking and cycling infrastructure will reduce car trips),
• urban planning- challenges Construction (Makoko built on stilts on poorly drained land and the Lagos Lagoon), Services (89% have no running water), Employment (Most work in the informal economy), Health (No sanitation system means diseases spread easily (e.g. Cholera)),
• • improvements- Housing (Planned demolition of Makoko could create more ‘wholesome’ neighbourhoods like the billed “Venice of Africa”), Floating communities are planned on Lagos Lagoon, Floating schools which utilise renewable energy and harvest rainwater are planned
• Jasper solar farm, South Africa: In 1882, Kimberley was the second city in the world to get electric street lights after Philadelphia, USA. Area is uncultivated due to lack of rainfall
• • SA- Ads96 megawatts for 80,000 homes. 1 million hours of paid work during construction. 45% spent on local materials
• SA-

  •  Dis- Only 1.6% of revenues are invested in local communities. The 800 construction jobs vanished when the project was finished. 
• Gas: Fossil fuel formed by the decomposition of living organisms deposited on the seabed and buried million years ago.  Extracted and transported to power industry and electricity,
• gas-

  • Ad- Cleaner, no waste, disperses, cheap, easy, versatile, supply, Dis- Flammable, GHG, fracking, odourless, infrastructure, geopolitics. 
• • Micro hydro power Peru: Small scale projects in the Andes mountains of South America, Prevailing winds create relief rainfall in the Andes. Nets trap water droplets from clouds before using the gravitational potential energy of water to harvest the water. This occurs in areas with high rainfall or snow melt. Cost $51,000