Separation techniques

• Filtration: Used to separate a solid from a liquid.
• Chromatography: A technique used to separate mixtures based on the relative affinity of components for two phases (e.g., stationary phase and mobile phase).
• Distillation: Used to separate liquids with different boiling points, such as water and ethanol.
• 1. A piece of filter paper is placed in filter funnel above a conical flask
  2. The filter paper will only allow small liquid particles to pass through as filtrate.
  3. Solid particles will be too large to pass though the filter paper so will stay behind as a residue.
• Crystallisation: used to separate dissolved solid from a solution
• 1. The solution is heated which allows the solvent to evaporate and leaves saturated solution
  2. To test if the solution is saturated, a dry, clean and glass rod is dipped into a solution. If the solution is saturated, crystals will form on the glass rod.
  3. The saturated solution is then allowed to cool slowly
  4. Crystals begin to grow as solids come out of the solution due to a decreasing in solubility
  5. The crystals are collected by filtering the solution, they are washed with cold distilled water to remove impurities and then are allowed to dry