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• • Globalisation has led to an increase in both internal and international migration. As of 2014, 230 million people lived in a country that wasn’t their place of birth (approx. 3-4% of the global population).
  • This is due to the advancement of transport networks to allow people to travel easily to other countries to live, work and visit. Also, a rise in global trading has encouraged a recent rise in international migrants
  • Most international migration is regionalised, like Mexicans to America or Poland to Germany
• Japan’s population is declining; 27% are aged 65 and over and its working age population is expected to drop to 44 million by 2037, half of what it was in 2007.

  In most advanced economies around 5% of people are usually immigrants but this is only 1.7% for Japan.

  The UN thinks Japan requires 17 million migrants by 2050 to make sure population levels don’t drop below 2007 levels Migration is limited due to the fact that Japanese isn’t an international language.
• Australia’s immigration policy has been based on strictly based on skills and employment. 70% of immigrants accepted into Australia came to work in areas with skills shortages with most immigrants living in major cities like Melbourne.

  On average, immigrants contribute 10% more per capita than non-immigrants

  Australia has an ageing population but as migrants are usually young, the ageing population is balanced.
• Singapore’s population consists of a very high percentage of foreign workers. Among the 5 million people living in Singapore, there is great ethnic diversity.

  Many international schools have also set up to cater education to migrants, whose first language may not be Malay
• causes of migration / type of migrants

  • Voluntary Economic Migration - People relocate to try to improve their wealth and quality of life.
  • Refugees - People forced to relocate due to war, conflict, persecution.
  • Asylum seekers - People fleeing for international protection.
  • Environmental Refugees - People specifically relocating due to tectonic disasters
  • International Students
• Schengen Agreement:

  • Abolished many of EU’s internal borders
  • Enabled passport-free movement across most of the bloc
  • 26 Schengen countries (22 EU members and 4 non-EU)
  • UK & Ireland opted out (UK wanted to maintain its own borders)
• The 13 November Paris attacks, which killed 130 people, prompted an urgent rethink of the Schengen agreement.

  There was alarm that killers had so easily slipped into Paris from Belgium, and that some had entered the EU with crowds of migrants via Greece.

  In 2015, the influx of more than a million migrants - many of them Syrian refugees - also greatly increased the pressure on politicians, and one after another, EU states re-imposed temporary border controls.
• Mediterranean migration

  • Illegal migration to Europe first began to grow noticeably in 2006. Rising numbers of migrants from North Africa and Middle East have attempted to cross the Mediterranean in unsafe fishing boats, often piloted by traffickers.
  • By 2016, estimated 1 million people attempted the crossing.
  • 700 people died off Italian coast april 2014. By end of same year, further 3700 people died due to similar circumstances
• diaspora - A dispersed group of people with a shared

  cultural background who have spread internationally from

  their original homeland.
• FOR MIGRATION

  ensuring that economic output of a country/place is optimised. Workers are integral to a growing economy, migration is a way of growing a country or place’s workforce.

  economic theory claims this will optimise economic activity if they allow freedom of movement
• AGAINST MIGRATION

  National Culture - Migration usually leads to changes in the ethnic composition of areas. Some countries believe that changes to their ethnic or cultural composition may lead to cultural diffusion, which could lead to the loss of their national culture or historical demography.

  immigrants can some times be blamed for the loss of job opportunities in the area

  Many people fear that freely allowing migrants to enter their country could pose a security risk due to recent terror attacks
• movement of labour - EU migration to the uk

  60 % of EU nationals from eastern europe after 8 countries joined the EU in 2004. helped fill gaps in uk labour market 


  poland:

  Polands government has encouraged population to work overseas and make most of EU membership. However, Poland has lost population since 1960s every year, with trend accelerating since 2004.Low birth rate and ageing population mean Poland's population is shrinking. Few people migrate to Poland, it has the lowest foreign-born population percentage of any EU state.
• opportunity to migrate

  • For example: Migrants to Australia are restricted to mainly skilled individuals. They require 65 points under the points based system, which takes into account the demand for a particular profession in Australia in addition to a migrant’s age, qualifications and competence in English.
  • Singapore’s migration policy is divided into foreign workers and foreign talent. Workers are predominantly unskilled migrants, mainly working in construction and domestic services. Talents are mainly people with degrees and are highly knowledgeable.